rays lanceolate or oblong, rather acute, sometimes toothed; disk yellow;
achenia narrowly elliptical or slightly cuneiform, with 2 minute often deciduous
subulate teeth, the narrow wing slightly serrulate towards the summit.—
Michx.! jl. 2. p. 138; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 568; E ll.! sk. 2. p. 438;
Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 77; DC.! prodr. 5. p. 572. C. major,
Walt. Car. p. 214.
0. stellata: glabrous; divisions of the leaves varying from oval-lanceolate
(and acute or acuminate at both ends) to rather narrowly lanceolate.—C.
stellata (herb. Banks); Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 76. C. senifo-
lia, Hook. bot. mag. t. 3484. (Varies rarely with the middle division of the
leaves 3-parted, according to Elliott.)
Dry woods and in sandy soil, a. Virginia to Georgia! in the low and middle
country, and St. Louis, Drummond! 0. Virginia! to Alabama! Kentucky!
&c. abounding in the upper country. July-Aug.— If Divisions
of the leaves 1-3 inches long, simulating a whorl of 6 leaves; the uppermost
often undivided. Rays an inch long.
10. C. delphinifolia (L am .): glabrous or minutely puberulent; leaves
closely sessile, 3-divided; the divisions entire or 2-3-parted, the middle one
often pinnately 5-parted ; lobes lanceolate-linear, rather rigid ; rays often
acute; disk-flowers brownish ; achenia obovate-elliptical; the narrow wing
minutely denticulate at the summit.—Lam. diet. 2. p. 108; DC.! 1. c. C.
verticillata, Ehrh. 1. c .; Willd. 1. c .; Bot. mag. t. 156; Schkuhr, handb. t.
260 ; Pursh, l. c .; Ell. 1. c. C. verticillata 0. linearis, Michx.! 1. c. C.
Wrayi, Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 76. Ceratocephalus delphini-
folius, Vaill.; Ehret, pict. t. 9, f . 1.
0. rigida: leaves (of the branches often simple) 3-divided; the divisions
varying from narrowly linear to linear-lanceolate, entire, or the central one
3-cleft.—C. rigida, Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 180 (under C. senifolia), Sp in trans.
Amer. phil. soc. 1. c.
Dry soil, and in pine woods, Virginia to Georgia! Alabama! and Middle
Florida! chiefly along the mountains. Aug.—11 Stem 1-2 feet high.—A
distinct species, very variable in the width of the foliage (the divisions from
1 to 3 lines broad, rigid, very commonly undivided), and intermediate
between C. verticillata and C. senifolia 0. stellata.
1 1 . C. verticillata (Linn.): glabrous; stem branched; leaves closely sessile,
3-divided; the divisions pinnately or bipinnately parted; the segments
very narrowly linear, obtuse; rays acute at each end, or rarely obtuse and
2-3-toothed ; corolla of the disk yellow; achenia obovate-cuneiform, slightly
winged, minutely 2-toothed at the summit.—Linn.! spec. 2. p. 907 (fide
herb.! & ex syn. Gronov.! & Pluk.! excl. syn. Faill.) f Lam. diet. 2. p.
108. C. verticillata 0. tenuifolia, Michx.! Jl. 2. p. 139. C. tenuifolia,
Ehrh. beitr. 7. p. 168; W illd.! spec. 3. p. 2252; Schkuhr, handb. t. 260;
Pursh, l. c .; Ell. sk. 2, p. 439 ; Bart. jl. Amer. Sept. t. 73 ; DC. ! prodr.
5. p. 572. Chrysanthemum Marianum, &c., Pluk. ! mant. t. 344, ƒ. 4.
Moist places and margin of swamps, Michigan (Lake Huron, and Sault
St. Marie, Dr. Pitcher!) Ohio, Maryland! to Arkansas! in the Southern
States mostly confined to the mountainous districts. July-Sept.— 2_f Stem
1-3 feet high, slender, strongly striate. Leaves appearing as if in whorls of
six, whence the Linnosan name, although not strictly correct, is by no means
inappropriate, and ought not to be superseded ; the segments and rachis almost
filiform. Scales of the exterior involucre 8-10, linear or oblong-linear,
usually about the length of the interior, rarely only 3 or 4 and almost as long
as the rays. Rays bright yellow, 8-12 lines long, narrow; in the cultivated
plant sometimes oblong-oval, obtuse and deeply 2-3-toothed.
12. C.palmata (Nutt.) : glabrous or nearly so; stem simple or slightly
branched above, angled and striate; leaves approximate, rigid, sessile, deeply
3-cleft; the lobes rather obtuse, with scabrous margins, linear, entire, or the
middle one often 3-lobed; rays obovate-oblong, sometimes toothed at the
apex; corolla of the disk yellow; achenia linear-oblong or elliptical, slightly
incurved when mature, narrowly winged, truncate, and crowned with 2
short (often deciduous or obscure) teeth.—Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 573; Torr.! in
ann. lyc. New York, 2. p. 215; DC. 1. c. C. pauciflora, Lehm.! ind. sem.
hort. Hanib. 1833; DC. 1. c. C. praecox, Fresenius! ind. sem. hort. Franc.
1838. Calliopsis palmata, Spreng. syst. 3. p. 611.
Plains and prairies, Michigan ! and on the Mississippi above the Falls of
St. Anthony, (Dr. Houghton!) to Illinois! Missouri! Arkansas! and Louisiana!
June—July.— Zf Stem 1—2 feet high, rather rigid. Leaves about
2 inches long, with a cuneiform circumscription, 3-lobed below the middle or
nearly 3-parted, narrowed and 3-nerved at the base ; the lobes more or less
divaricate ; the lateral ones frequently cleft in the lower leaves. Heads
solitary, or sometimes several, on short peduncles, fully as large as in C.
delphinifolia; the rays bright yellow, sometimes entire and a little acute,
often toothed, especially in cultivation. Chaff filiform, slightly dilated at
the summit, shorter than the flowers.
* * * * * Achenia nearly orbicular, broadly winged and incurved when mature, often
minutely tuberculate, usually furnished with a large callus or tubercle on the inner side
at the base and summit, crowned with 2 short squameUate denticulate (often obsolete)
teeth: chaff deciduous with the fru it: exterior involucre about the length of the interior
: rays (large) obovate or cuneiform, coarsely 3-5-toothed or incised at the summit:
leaves opposite, or the uppermost rarely alternate, entire or divided■ often in the same
individual, not serrate, the lower ones petioled: heads on long naked peduncles.—
Leachia, Cass. (Coreopsoides, Moench. Chrysomelea, Tausch, Nutt.)
13. C. auriculata (Linn.) : pubescent with spreading or retrorse hairs, or
at length somewhat glabrous; radical and lower leaves on slender hairy petioles,
some of them oval or roundish and entire, others 3-parted or divided,
with the lateral divisions, much smaller ; the uppermost on short petioles or
nearly sessile, oblong or oval-lanceolate; heads mostly solitary, on elongated
glabrous peduncles; scales of the exterior involucre oblong-linear or lanceolate,
at length spreading; achenia nearly orbicular, broadly winged, strongly
incurved when ripe, often minutely muricate-tuberculate on one or both sides,
crowned with 2 very short ciliate-denticulate somewhat squamellate teeth,
which are sometimes deciduous or obsolete.
a. ctespitose and somewhat stoloniferous ; stems short and slender, simple
or sparingly branched near the base ; leaves at first hairy, at length nearly
glabrous, entire and roundish-oval, or 3-parted, with the lateral divisions very
small, or sometimes either pinnately or pedately 5-divided on the same individual
; the upper leaves rather acute; rays oblong-cuneiform, coarsely and
unequally 4-5-toothed ; wing of the achenium entire or very minutely denticulate.—
C. auriculata, L in n .! spec. 2. p . 908 (ex syn. Gronov., Moris., Sr
Pluk. !); A it.! Keio. (ed. 1) 3. p. 252 ; Michx.! jl. 2. p. 138; Pursh, l. c.
C. auriculata var. diversifolia, Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 437. C. diversifolia, DC. !
prodr. 5. p. 571; not of Jacq., nor of Hook. Chrysanthemum hirsutum Vir-
ginianum &c., P lu k .! aim. t. 83, ƒ. 5, Sf especially, t. 242, ƒ. 4. C. Virgini-
anum trifolatum &c., Moris, hist. 3. sect. 6. t. 3, f . 45. (good figure.)
0. leaves oval-oblong or ovate-oblong, all but the uppermost on slender
hairy petioles, mostly obtuse, all entire; rays oval-oblong, rather acute,
slightly 2-toothed.,
y. stem elongated, and with the leaves mostly softly pubescent, more or
less branched; lower leaves 3-divided or parted, the terminal division 3 or 4