receptacle acutisli; achenia pubescent at the summit; pappus of 2 squamel-
late lanceolate awns.—Linn. ! spec. 2. p. 906 ; Ait. ! Kew. (ed. 1 ) 3. p. 250 ;
Michx.! Jl. 2. p. 140 (in part only); E ll.! sic. 2. p. 414 ; not of Lam. ! of DC.
ex char., nor of Hook. ! H. sparsifolius, E ll.! 1. c. H. silphioides, Nutt.!
in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 366. Corona-solis minor, &c., Hill.
Elth. t. 94,-/. 110.
Dry soil, Virginia! to Florida ! Louisiana ! and Arkansas ! common.
Aug.-Oct.—A well-marked species, varying in size (from 1 to 4 feet); the
stem bearing 3-5 heads on naked slender peduncles, or several, terminating
the very loose paniculate-corymbose branches, clothed with long white hairs
towards the base, but often nearly glabrous above. Leaves rather thin, both
sides hirsute or hispid, veiny, sometimes nearly entire ; the lower 3 to 6
inches long, and 2 to 5 broad ; the upper small and in more distant pairs ;
the uppermost remote and sometimes alternate. Heads small; the 12-16
rays elongated, about an inch long. Involucre rather shorter than the convex
disk; the obtuse scales obscurely 3-nerved. Chaff of the receptacle purplish
at the tips, entire, or slightly 3-lobed. Corolla of the disk dark-purple at the
summit, pubescent at the base of the limb. Pappus of 2 minutely fringed,
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate palese, rather than awns, one-half to two-
thirds the length of the corolla. Achenia glabrous, except the summit.
1 1 . H. rigidus (Desf.) : stem simple or sparingly branched, rough; cau-
line leaves opposite, very thick and rigid, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate at each end, subsessile, obscurely serrate or entire, somewhat
triplinerved,' extremely hispid-scabrous on both sides ; the uppermost
sometimes alternate; the radical oval, obtuse, strongly triplinerved, petioled;
scales of the involucre ovate, mostly obtuse, finely eiliate, numerous, closely
imbricated; chaff of the receptacle obtuse; achenia somewhat hairy; pappus
of 2 concave lanceolate scales, rather than awns, and frequently with
one or several intermediate small scales.—Desf. cat. hort. Par. ed. 3. p. 184.
H. atrorubens, Michx.! herb, in part; Hort. Berol.! 1839 ; Lot. mag.
t. 2668; Hook.! compan. to hot. mag. 1 . p. 96 (var. foliis acutioribus).
H. scaberrimus, E ll.! sk. 2. p. 423; DC. 1. c. p. 588.' H. crassifolius,
Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. 1. c. Harpalium rigidum, Cass, in diet,
sei. nat. 20. p. 300 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 583.
/?. branches or peduncles simple, elongated; scales of the involucre ovate-
lanceolate or ovate, more acute.—H. diffusus, Sims, hot. mag. t. 2020 (poor.)
H. Missuricus, “ Spreng. pug. p. 2 1 ;” Link. enum. 2. p. 352 ? H. Mis-
souriensis, Schwein. ! herb.; Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. 1. c. H. atrorubens,
Bot. reg. t. 508 ; Hook.! Jl. Bor.-Am. 1 . p. 312; DC. prodr. 1. c.
ex char.; not of Linn.
Plains and prairies, western part of Georgia, Elliott! Illinois, Mr. Buck-
ley ! and St. Louis, Drummond! to the Upper Missouri, Nuttall! Mr.
Nicollet! Arkansas, Nuttall! Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth! and Texas,
Drummond! ft. Missouri, Nuttall! (spec, cult.) and Saskatchawan, Drummond!
Aug.-Sept.—Plant stout, 1-3 feet high, rather naked above; the
rigid stem hispid with short papillose hairs, often smoothish above : the coriaceous
thick leaves (cauline 3-5 inches long, an inch or less wide) very
rough with short bristles arising from papillae, which give the surface a cinereous
hue, and often a whitish blistered appearance. Heads few, but showy;
the disk about an inch in diameter; the 20-24 rays an inch long. Scales of
the involucre regularly and closely imbricated in 3-4 series. Receptacle
convex : the chaff entire, eiliate on the back towards the summit. Lobes of
the disk-corolla purple : style yellow. Achenia somewhat lenticular, hirsute
when young, but more smooth when mature, except the edges and summit.
The pappus is variable, even in different flowers from the same individual;
consisting either of the two scale-like awns without intermediate squamellas,
or of 1—4 of the latter on each side, or with the squamell® confluent
with the lateral scales, which become dilated and auriculate or lobed
at the base, &c. &c.; whence we conclude that Harpalium, Cass, is
founded upon insufficient and very inconstant characters. The v a r ft. differs
but slightly, and passes completely into the other forms of this well-
marked species, so that it hardly merits to be distinguished. In some of the
Texan specimens, and in those described by Nuttali as H. crassifolius, the
leaves are more attenuated to each end, more serrated, and the upper surface
comparatively smooth.—The stem sometimes exudes resin in small quantity.
* * * * Perennial: rays 12-24: receptacle convex: scales of the iiwol/ucre regularly
imbricated, oppressed, or with somewhat spreading acute or acuminate (inappendicu-
late) tips, equalling the yellow disk: leaves opposite, or the uppermost sometimes alternate.—
Lsetiflori.
12. H. Icetijlorus (Pers.): stem scabrous and branching at the summit;
leaves oval-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, serrate, contracted at the base
into short petioles, triplinerved, very scabrous on both sides ; the uppermost
often alternate and nearly entire ; heads solitary or somewhat corymbose, on
naked peduncles; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, eiliate,
appressed, about the length of the disk ; chaff of the receptacle somewhat
3-toothed or entire; achenia glabrous.—Pers. syn. 2. p. 476 ; DC. ! prodr.
5. p. 586, excl. syn. Ell. H/atrorubens, Lam.! diet. 3. p. 86, not of Linn.
(3. leaves all somewhat entire ; chaff of the receptacle 3-toothed. H. tri-
cuspis, E ll .! sk. 2. p. 422.
N. America ; long cultivated in the French Gardens. In barrens, occ. Indiana,
Dr. Clapp! "Dayton, Ohio, Dr. Short! /3. Western part of Georgia,
Elliott! Aug.-Oct.—A stout and showy plant, 3-4 feet high, somewhat tri-
chotomous above. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, 5-8 inches long, l j - 2 i
broad, extremelv scabrous above, more or less pubescent, but also very rough
beneath, copiously feather-veined, the veins anastomosing with the prolonged
lateral nerves. Heads few (in the cultivated plant on long naked peduncles)
; the scales of the involucre resembling those of H. rigidus /3., but fewer
and more pointed. Rays 12-16, in the cultivated plant 20 or more, showy,
often nearly 2 inches in length. Chaff of the receptacle hairy at the summit.
Corolla of the disk yellow, the lobes rarely if ever turning purplish
; the anthers brownish, whence the disk appears somewhat dark-
colored. Achenia compressed, when young sometimes slightly hairy at the
summit. Pappus of two subulate chaffy awns, usually dilated at the base,
lacerate-fringed.—Allied to H. rigidus; but the disk-flowers are yellow, as
remarked by Persoon. We confidently refer Elliott’s H. tricuspis to this
species, although the specimens in his herbarium are exceedingly imperfect.
13. H. occidentalis (Riddell): stem slender, simple, naked above, somewhat
hairy; radical and lower cauline leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate (acut-
ish or obtuse), obscurely serrate, 3-nerved or triplinerved, scabrous above,
roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy petioles;
the upper very small and remote, entire; heads 1-5 on slender peduncles;
scales of the involucre oval-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, eiliate, appressed,
scarcely as long as the disk ; achenia villous-pubescent towards the summit.
—Riddell, suppl. cat. Ohio plants, (1836) p. 13. H. heterophyllus, Short!
3rd suppl. cat. Kentucky plants; Hook.! compan. to bot. mag. 1. p . 98,
j3. partly (spec, from St. Louis); not of Nutt. (Varies with the stem nearly
smooth and glabrous.)
/?. plantagineus: stem (sometimes branching) and leaves almost smooth;
scales of the involucre scarcely eiliate, attenuate-acuminate, as long as the
disk.
Dry barrens, &c., from Michigan! Ohio! and Kentucky! to Missouri!