hispid-scabrous, especially beneath; the radical ones very large and on long
petioles; the cauline very few, oblong; heads (rather large) in a loose irregular
panicle; scales of the involucre glabrous, the exterior orbicular, the
others obovate or oval, obtuse ; rays numerous ; achenia obovate, very narrowly
winged, emarginate-2-toothed.—Linn, suppl. p. 383 ; Jacq. fiort.
Vindob. 1. t. 43; Geertn.fr. 1.171; A it.! Kew. (ed. 1) 3. p. 267 ; Michx. !
ft. 2. p. 145 ; Schkuhr, handh. t. 262 ; Pursh, l. c .; DC.! 1. c. ; Hook. hot.
mag. t. 3525 ; not of Ell.
Prairies and dry open woods, Michigan! and throughout the Western
States! to Louisiana ! and the western part of Georgia! July-Sept.—Stem
4-9 feet high, leafless except near the base, exuding a copious resinous juice.
Radical leaves often more than 2 feet long, resembling those of the Burr-dock,
but more rigid (the plant is sometimes called Prairie Burr-dock) ; the short
hispid hairs arising from a broad papillose base, in which a resinous matter
is frequently deposited, and the cuticle desquamates, so that the leaf appears
thickly sprinkled with white scurfy dots, particularly the lower surface.
Heads about an inch in diameter, excluding the rays, which are an inch or
more long. The narrow wings of the achenia either entirely confluent with
the teeth of the achenia, which then appears rather deeply emarginate ; or the
wings are somewhat contracted at the summit, which is then more obtusely
toothed, and less deeply emarginate.
3. )S. pinnatifidum (Ell.): glabrous, except the petioles and lower surface
of the leaves, which are more or less hirsute and scabrous ; leaves large, oblong,
varying from pinnately incised to deeply pinnatifid; the radical on
long petioles, slightly cordate, the cauline few and cuneiform at the base;
exterior scales of the involucre orbicular, the inner broadly oval; rays numerous
; achenia oval-obovate, very narrowly winged, obtusely emarginate
and slightly 2-toothed.—Ell. ! sk. 2. p .-462 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 512.
Prairies, western part of Georgia and Alabama, Elliott! Mr. Buckley !
Ohio, Hr. Riddell! Mr. Sullivant! Aug.-Sept.—Plant with the habit of
the preceding, and with equally large leaves and heads, rays an inch and a
half long. Achenia with 2 very short and rounded callous teeth.—As this
plant bears in its foliage the same relation to the true S._ terebinthinaceum
that S. compositum of Michaux does to the S. terebinthinaceum of Elliott,
and presents no other sufficiently marked characters, it may not improbably
prove to be a variety of the preceding.
4. S. compositum (Michx.) : glabrous ; stem virgate, nearly naked, glaucous
; radical leaves broadly ovate, cordate, or reniform-cordate, on long pe-
tioles, angulate-toothed, sinuate-toothed, or deeply and irregularly pinnatifid,
often ternately divided, the petiolulate divisions sinuate-pinnatifid or toothed,,
glabrous above, sparsely pubescent beneath when young, the margins minutely
ciliate and scabrous ; heads (small) numerous, in a spreading eymose-
corymbose panicle; scales of the involucre glabrous, obtuse, the exterior oval,
the others obovate or spatulate; rays 9-12; achenia obovate-orbicular, rather
broadly winged, deeply and narrowly emarginated; the wing confluent with
the acute or subulate teeth.
a. Michauxii : leaves deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, or sometimes ternately
divided, the divisions (3-9) sinuate-lobed or toothed.—Si compositum,
Michx. ! Jl. 2. p. 145 § Willd. spec. 3. p. 23311 Pursh, ft. 2. p. 577 i Ell.
sk. 2. p. 462; D C .! prodr. 5. p. 512. S. laciniatum, Walt. Car. p. 217,
not of Linn. S. sinuatum, Herb. Banks.! S. nudicaule, Curtis! cat.
Wilmingt. pi. in Bost. jour. not. hist. (1835) 1. p. 127. S. terebinthaceum
/?. sinuatum, Curtis ! mss.
(3. reniforme: leaves (larger) roundish or reniform-cordate, sinuate-toothed
or angulate, or slightly lobed.—S. elatum, Pursh, l. c. (ex. descr.) S. terebinthinaceum,
Ell. sk. 2. p. 463, not of Linn. S. reniforme, Raf. med. fi.
2. p . 283; N u tt.! in traits. Amer. phil. soc. 1. c. p. 342.
y. ovatifolium: leaves ovate, subcordate, unequally and doubly toothed.
Drv pine barrens and open sandy woods, North Carolina, to b lortda. tlie
var. a. prevalent in the low country; /3. more common towards the mountains.
y. Florida, Mr. Croom! Dr. Chapman! June-Aug.—Stem 2-6 feet
high, slender, simple, paniculate or corymbose at the_ summit, with a lew
scattered bracts, or sometimes 3 or 4 small petiolate leaves towards the base.
Leaves 4-8 inches long (in /?. usually broader than long); the scattered hairs
of the lower surface not arising from papilke, as m S. terebinthinaceum.
Heads much more numerous, more corymbose or rather cymose, and smaller
than in the last named species. Scales of the involucre rather loose, slightly
ciliate. Chaff of the receptacle with slightly dilated and hairy tips. Wing
of the large orbicular achenia united with, or when old partly separating
from, the subulate or aristate teeth.—This species, well-marked in habit and
character, although polymorphous in foliage, is “ "fined to the Southern Atlantic
States; while S. terebinthinaceum, for which Elliott mistook the en
tire-leaved form, is almost exclusively a western plant. From long observation,
Mr. Curtis is convinced that our a. and /?. are only varieties of the same
species, widely as their extreme forms differ in foliage; and our own observations
confirm this view.
* * Stem terete or obscurely angled, leafy: leaves undivided, alternate, opposite, or 3-4-
naiely vertuMate, not wnfrequently presenting all these variations m the same plant.
5. S. trifoliatum (Linn.): stem smooth and glabrous, often glaupous; cauline
leaves lanceolate, usually narrow, acute or acuminate, remotely oe.nticu-
late, scabrous, especially the upper surface, on very short hispidly ciliate
petioles, ternately or quaternately verticillate, the uppermost opposite, heads
in a loose compound corymb or panicle; scales of the involucre ciliate, glabrous
; the exterior ovate, rather acute; the interior broadly oval, obtuse,
achenia obovate-oval; the rather broad wings produced at the summit into
2 acute triangular lobes, which are confluent with (when old often more or
less separating from) the subulate teeth or awns.—Linn. spec. 2. p . 920 (excl.
syn. Moris.) ; Desf. cat.; Hook. bot. mag. t. 335o. S. trifoliatum, terna-
tum, & atropurpureum, Retz, in Willd. spec. 3. p. 2333; Pursh, l. c. Ell.
sk 2 v ■ 466. S. ternatum & S. trifoliatum (at least in part) DC.. L. c.
S ternifolium Michx. ! 11. 2. p. 146, chiefly. Chrysanthemum Virgima-
U M o r i s , hist. t. 3 , / . 6 8 -V a rie s with the leaves
nemlV all verticillate, or the upper opposite and alternate, entire, or irregularly
serrate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, scabrous or nearly smoohon
both sides; the short petioles ciliate or glabrous; the stem sometimes pale,
B H H M a n d throughout the „ „ „ n .™
portion of the Southern States! July-Oct.-Stem
slightly angled. Leaves 4-6 inches long, frequently less than an inch broad.
He§adsy rather small; the rays 12-18. The subulate awns of the achenia
equalling or slightly exceeding the wings, with the edges of which they are
confluent, but when mature they often break away.
6 S dentatum (Ell.): stem usually smooth and glabrous, or hirsute-scabrous
to ward s fhe summit; leaves lanceolate
gularly and coarsely toothed, scabrous above but
s J nr scattered, somewhat petroled or sessile, the lower opposite
‘ s ! liamm, fS U f , t . c J S. affine, M. A. Curtis / mss.