ments connate at the base and decurrent on the petiole; heads discoid, mostly
on short pedicels ; scales of the exterior foliaceous involucre longer than
the head, lanceolate or oblanceolate, mostly obtuse, scarcely if at all ciliate ;
achenia narrowly cuneiform, glabrous, with retrorsely ciliate-hispid margins,
2-4-(commonly 3-) awned.—Muhl. in Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1718 (Sfherb.!) ;
Pursh, l. c .; Ell. sk. 2. p. 430 ; Hook. ! 1. c .; -DC. t prodr. 5. p. 594. B.
cernua, Darlingt. ! jl. Cest. ed. 1 . p. 92. B. tripartita, Bigel. jl. Bost. ed.
2. p. 294. B. petiolata, Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 99 ; Darlingt. !
jl. Cest. ed. 2. p. 486.
Swampy grounds, and margins of ponds, Canada and throughout the
Northern States! to Ohio! Kentucky! Missouri! and the western part of
Georgia. July-Sept.—(T) Stem 10-24 inches high, branched. Leaves
very smooth, thin and membranaceous when young, mostly conspicuously
acuminate at each end, frequently all undivided. Exterior involucre variable
in size, sometimes 1-1 ^ inch long; the inner membranaceous, brown
with a yellowish scarious margin. Flowers greenish-yellow ; the rays generally,
if not always wanting.—De Candolle has mistaken Hooker’s meaning,
who, in stating that the leaves are sometimes ternate, does not mean ter-
nately verticillate. This species is introduced into Dr. Short’s'Catalogue of
Kentucky plants under the name of Bidens comosa, Hooker, but we are not
aware that Sir Wm. Hooker, or any other author, has published a species
with this name. In the account of Drummond’s Collections in the United
States, however, a ‘Bidens comata, Linn.' is enumerated; but as Linnseus
has no such species, we suppose B. connata, Muhl. to be intended.
3. B. cernua (Linn.): glabrous, or often hairy towards the summit;
leaves undivided, lanceolate, unequally serrate, the upper ones slightly connate;
heads (discoid or radiate) nodding; exterior involucre longer than the
head; achenia obovate-euneiform, 4-awned, the margin retrorsely ciliate-hispid.—
L in n .! spec. 2. p. 832 (var. discoidea)-; Engl. hot. t. 1114 ; Schkuhr,
handb. t. 235 ; Koch, ji. Germ. Sf Helv. p. 356 ; Hook. jl. Bor.-Am. 1 . p.
314; D C .! prodr. 5. p. 595. B. minima, Linn. spec. [ed. 2) 2. p. 1165 ;
Fl. Dan. 1. 312. Coreopsis Bidens, Linn. spec. 2. p. 908. (var. radiata.)
/?. 'elata: upper part of the (stout) stem and branches somewhat hirsute
with short white hairs ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, unequally and incisely serrate;
rays inconspicuous.—B. chrysanthemoides, Hook.! jl. Bor.-Am. 1 . p.
314 (excl. syn.), hot. Beechey, p. 148 ? B. quadriaristata, /3. dentata,
Nutt, in trans. Amer. phil. soc. 1. c. p. 368.
Swamps and ditches, Canada and Saskatchawan, Hooker, to Pennsylvania,
Pursh. Maine and Massachusetts, Mr. Oakes ! Western part of' the
State of New York, Dr. Sartwell! fi. Oregon at Fort Vancouver, and
Straits of Da Fuca, Douglas, Dr. Scpuler ! Nuttall. (California, Beechey ?)
—(l) This species is said to be common in Canada, but in the United States
it is probably only to be found along the northern borders. The following
species approaches its radiate forms too closely ; but in B. cernua, the leaves
are more irregularly serrate, scarcely connate, and the outer involucre nearly
similar to the leaves, and much longer than the rays when these are present.
The Oregon plant is certainly much nearer this than the following species.
4. B. chrysanthemoides (Michx.) : glabrous; stem erect or reclined at the
base; leaves lanceolate, tapering to each end, more or less connate, regularly
and rather remotely serrate; heads conspicuously radiate, erect or
nodding ; scales of the foliaceous exterior involucre somewhat unequal, obtuse,
ciliate-serrulate towards the base, mostly shorter than the rays; the interior
oblong-ovate, membranaceous, partly colored; achenia cuneiform, with
retrorsely aculeolate-ciliate margins; awns 2, 3, or 4.—Michx.! jl. 2. p.
136 ; Willd.! spec. 3. p. 1717 ; Pursh ! jl. 2. p . 566. Coreopsis Bidens,
Walt. Car. p. 215. C. perfoliata, Walt. 1. c. ? Helianthus laevis, Linn. !
spec. 2. p. 906 (pi. Gronov. !), not of ed. 2.
а. achenia 2-awned, sometimes with two other rudimentary awns; rays
about twice the length of the inner involucre.—B. chrysanthemoides, Michx.!
1. c. (wholly?); Ell. sk. 2. p. 430 ; DC.! prodr. 5. p. 595.
/?. achenia 2-awned; rays 2-3 times the length of the inner (colored) involucre
; exterior involucre not ciliate; leaves remotely serrulate, scarcely
acute.
y. achenia 3-4-awned; rays 2-4 times the length of the inner involucre.
—B. chrysanthemoides, Bigel.! jl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 294 ; Darlingt. ! jl. Cest.
p. 485. B. quadriaristata, DC. ! 1. c.
б. achenia 4-awned ; rays scarcely longer than the inner involucre, often
exceeded by the exterior.
Swamps, and margin of shallow pools, Canada ! and nearly throughout
the United States ! (/?. Western Louisiana, Dr. Hale,!) Aug.-Nov.—(5)?
Stem 6-30 inches high, branching, rarely a little scabrous or hairy at the
summit. Leaves 3—6 inches long, serrate with even acute or mucronulate
teeth, often minutely ciliate-scabrous towards the base. Rays golden yellow,
usually large (about an inch long) and very showy. Chaff spatulate-linear,
scarious, about 3-nerved, colored (yellow or purplish) at the summit.—Beggar
Ticks.—The number of awns seems to be constant in each individual,
but certainly does not furnish specific distinctions. A specimen sent by the
elder Richard to Willdenow (probably collected by Michaux), presents
4-awned achenia. Our var. S. is a mere state of var. y., and nearly approaches
B. cernua.
5. B. Beckii (Torr.): glabrous; stem elongated, sithple or sparingly
branched; leaves chiefly submersed, sessile, many times dissected into capillary
segments; the emersed ones few, lanceolate, slightly connate, sharply
serrate or incised; heads solitary on short terminal peduncles ; scales of the
exterior involucre usually 5, oval or oblong, obtuse, shorter than the interior
and somewhat resembling them, several times shorter than the oblong rays;
achenia (immature) narrowly oblong, flattened, perfectly glabrous, 4- (sometimes
6-) awned ; the awns approximate in pairs, densely hispid above, glabrous
near the base.— Torr.! in Spreng. neu. entd. 2. p. 135, Sysyst. 3. p .
455; Beck. ! bot. p . 207 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 595.
In lakes and ponds, and slow-flowing streams, near Schenectady! and in
several localities throughout the western part of the State of New York!
Massachusetts and Vermont, Mr. Oakes! Near Montreal, Mr. Goldie.
Aug.-Sept.—Plant with the habit and submersed foliage of Ranunculus
aquatilis, except that the leaves are opposite; the lowest emersed leaves often
1- 2-pinnatifid. . Scales of the inner involucre oblong-lanceolate, yellowish,
with brown stripes. Rays golden yellow, 8-10 lines long. Anthers pale.
Branches of the style terminated by a densely hairy rather acutely conical
appendage. Awns usually unequal; the longer nearly twice the length of
the half-grown achenium.
§ 2. Achenia linear-tetragonal, attenuate or rostrate, glabrous or upwardly
hairy.—P silo carp.® a, DC. (Kerneria, Mcench.)
6. B. leucantha (Willd.): stem, glabrous, somewhat 4-angled; leaves
nearly glabrous, petioled, pinnately 3-5-, the upper ones 3-divided ; the divisions
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply and closely serrate, sometimes
confluent; heads (small) paniculate-corymbose, pedicellate ; scales of the
involucre nearly equal, united at the base; the exterior narrower and ciliate,
obtuse ; the interior lanceolate, acute, somewhat scarious and colored, rather
shorter than the disk ; rays small, white; achenia somewhat quadrangular,
von. n.—45