I N T R!. G D> U
■
■ .nou^ifliT^ent to die young {hoot and leaf-buds-,' before
’the leaf^ l t f e l f i s ^
456. A dilating • fpongy fubftance, b y equally e xpanding
itfolf; every way, would not 'prod'ycfe a loi%
'llender fhoot, but * rather a globofe^oae to .prevent'
‘ whicK, nature has provided feveral diaphragms,, b'efi^s
thofe atreacfe^lcnot, which'are' .placed at fmall distances
■ acrofs £he-pith, thereby preventing its too gfc'at lateial
- dilatation., We may Jlfo- obferve, by«:.th e bye," that na-
t ture makes ufe o f the fame artifice^ in the growth|B|Ji4,
-- ‘feathers of.l$Ms-" . |
457. T he g r £ ^ " g 0 a i i , t i ^ ^ ^ h i y ’
,dhring^^e^cold winter fgafon,
(hows the r c jjj ii why a l'ong'feries of_col^\noi;^hv-^after 1y
winds b l a f t s | t e n d e r ' f r u i t , the moiftme
^exhaling^&ItieijTihan it can be fupplied by the trees.
.-BHW BBSBSm cpi^eni^me;l^afy fpiyes^jf
-'f col^ ^ ^^ igh^ealiher;.. •,
‘ 45 8..«The proof we have o f the utility o f -leaves in
/drawing fkp.^ndjhe care nature takessi-isag^p^'
’ nifhing the twigs with plenty o f th cn , p^incipaily hear
'the buit, mSy inftiu£t § j| on one * hand£ not to bJelM | §
lavifh ii^g%ming -themr off, and to be caiefuh to leave
;-.3pd.on fj|g dtheT.
rhaiid, to off all fuper.fiuoip (hoots* as
'they.' draw away ^great * quantity cf-
:^ | i l f k rM r . H a l e s .^
i reyerfed
root turns dowhwards and entersvfche earth, and
the"llem5 bends upwards into He air. ~T(fonfine_a fterri'to
an aimbnedpoution,. andiits*^xtremity will foon affume'a
perpendicular pofition, . Turn a “"branch fo that the
under fide-of the leaves »may be upward, and the leaves
wjdJtQpU.%regain themnatural 'pofitions.~ Many leaves
* follow; the motion o f the fun ; Jn the morning their fu-
perior fnj-faces are-towards th e e a fo ; at; noon, towards
; at evening, towafed^» |§ie w e ft; and during
the night,-or in rainy weather, thefe leaves are horizontal,
with their inferior fprice's towards the earth. What
ri&(Mfedvthe"fle^;^^pI^t§5„affi^d^:^d^ehii^^nGe|0f
vegetable motion.7 T h e leaves ^<^|B4ny .^laHth
in the night, and 'open^gain in the,- day.; A n d it is
■ iv or thy o f remark, that they all difppfe. theipfelyesfo^hs
^Ic^give the beft protedkipn to. the; young ilems, flowers*
buds, on ,£ruit. Many-flowers -'have, alfo the power'of
moving. , During the niglg^lnahy' o f them areehclofed
in their calixes. Some flowers,wh'en afleepi hang their
mouths towards the earth, to prevent the.i^Mgu^‘effects
o f rain or. dew. - If. a . veffel o fw a te rb e .fet -Within fix
inchesXpf a growing cucumber the. dire^pn jofrits
branches wi^fopn tend towards the. water. , When a
pole is placed at a confiderable diftance frogman unfup-
ported v ine, "the branches will foon tend towards the
pole, and twift about it. T h e fenfitive plant poffefTes-
the faculty o f .nation in a remarkable degree; the
{lighted touch makes its-leaves fuddenly (brink,, and,
itogether with the bs^neb, bead towards- the earth.
Tlyefe cfedldft^ee^ tend to prove", that plants ate cn-
, d'owed .with 'irritability.
like tha-t o f animals,
ÿ ^ ^ j | ^ # i Jférie^..af;îe|fol^difpofed «fna regular 01 der.
T he ceconorry an4afon6rions of- vegetables, as well as
thofe o f animals, ate the rcMts'rof'a vafcular texture.
'T h e pith, or W'du«Haiy ffubfta'nce df plants^refcmbles
gjm-Tphtal
either is deftioyed, th&,plant or anjm’al dies. The round
JSSB||-which are
eafily to be foparated : and the woçd o f plants c $ M |
ie layers :of hardened vefTelsj ii feparate
".when macerated in jv.it-,it A Wee.acquires ati additional
ring eveiy'yea'tj aiig4tei.s its ageïmtilr 'be pretty'ac-
Quratclyc-obtaine-à. ' Animal's and .vegetables ^gradually
3 and ' im an i ml j* iifta -, an }fi Qa-vS r li-J r t . i
.^3t JjSSnfe&io,n'.(•:‘jSgme■ |arta-sf animal:bodies .partake o f
- the nature o^yegdtnMes. T.hus, T ' nails',Ï
beak-, anjd;:i&e"iiori, are afpecies < '£.£eÿetables;: ppëa;
ra-'fi-^®ieiiv,total j'nïeafîbi'l'ky. ' Theresia ■ a ftriking
plants. :i^hen. .placed'in. .proper fitu'atioris, they botli
produce young, fimilar to their parents There is alfo
a great . fimilaritj in -^^Kruflivtre. add .'rflei£gf' their re-
tp ffive n . Mar 7 1 1 111 1 fo: I W l to
kind's.. Some ai finals: proààee ■ in. ' tl '?
j- i. t u.ul 1 v tables alfo ‘ tea t ;tht r 1 fpe 1 - feafons-.
And thusrnâtiire has; wifely ordained, that tire earth
Ihoiïld,afe.y.s::;6ecovered witliplants. Hence, %■ tak-
tng .igenêral'fnryeÿ d£;.th«: vegetable and animal k in g doms,
it appears, that nature tpr fheir forpiation .has
ope rated upon one and the rfeme giiÉaï principle and
■ ' : O k V îjm fê£ s \T 1^
i f i l In fettling thé: inrtafut es jif. different-nations in
refpèSpto their .relative values^ we have foirowed what
wê judged to be the belt apthoriti , and where we
could procure.different meafures tèrÿÙiGÈ wj-cp'uld a ttach
equ<il credit for. let it at j , we have talien Ihe mean ;
we trull therefore that the following tables will exhibit
the V line )f anciei t ar d Fo e gn- n t Cures w p fiufe'h
acajjaejssas the-na|t}re;o f the fubjedt will admit of.l|BHg
Grecian1 long meafures were'principally taken from the ’
■ human body. Thus AaeliiAo; i s . aiÆtigt ri«-ïb eadtli ;
Asjfvv. a hand’ s breadth, -n : bpSofejoil' the
length o f the hand from ,the upper part to the extremity
o f the longeft'finger ; ZwiSaar. the length o f the hand
between the thumb and, little finger ; Haj the .ftiot ;
lit>%pf from the elbow; todtfie; extremity o f tree’ finders-;'
Hvyo» from the elbo.w-.tert ne fécond jo int o f the pngefs ;
llvyiin from the- elbow with-the fingers clapfed ; O^ywd
from the.extremity o f one-middle finger to the extremi-
ty>-of /the. other, the arms being extended. I11 jffiéïe
meafurce they were followed b y the Romans, who have
digitus, palmipesy palmus, pes, poJJttSf Uma9 'cubitusî 6ca *
E xgpisu
Inches.
I N T R O D U C T I O N.
_ E nglish Meafures o f Length,
V ,.i-3ïi Palrps.
j y; 3 Spans.
12
■ -. 18 ; 2 llp fo s i
3^ ' '■ ‘ - ^ -i 2'
20 Z :&- v ld l ‘.U & P à ç isâ j
; M 4 - ' 2 ■ i Fathoms..
- I 98 H (!{66 >• 22 ._ i6 | 11 y > y 388,
2640 _{iéè . 'A 4fe ;SS:3* .l l+ o P i$ l
6336c. 2112 a ,i7®4° 5280 3-Sao‘ im.yp.; ‘t’e jô ' •8âô P I '8
^Ufo, 4 mçh«=Ji hand ; s.müesni league ; and 6o-geographical tspes^i degree^9,2 Engliih-miles.
' 46F. The Scotch E liuand is diyitSd’ into^jl in'ch.e's,
■ and is found equal to inches , therefore a
Scotch i'nch .md- foi t are to»thc llngliTi,-<i^JiS^ to 18'® !
Itinerary meafure is thc,f&ie in Scotland aa,in Eng-
HriS. ?Che length of thetdHain is_4J)oles, or 2-2 yards;
and 80 chains tnake a mjje'. °jThe old Scotch computed,
miles were-about i^Englilh miles.,1
’463. The,Epglfih'-JS)//is 1J yard and isufcd in meafuring
linaisjmpdrte.d from Gerpiany and;the Ipw couiftpes.
4 '6 4 .^ S E 'n ^ S h fatpom»is,tta-Erentiu^iip,j3’4Xbso
. to - ie 6 j i7 j5 -.The toife contains p fe et; the foot contacts
1 a inches; and.the.fn.qh,contatnS,i2 lines. A s the
fathom apd tojfe cpntain the fame number o f feet an
Englifli fo o tjs t o . a .E r e n c h a s . . t o p o .to. IQ65,75.
E n g l i s h Square Measures.
Inches.
' ' 4 4 , - Feett -
’■ ^ 125(6 ,k feaüdsf
‘ a i .
Paces.
■ 3°ÎS n o ,89. îÈ i«
I56816O 19890- 1210 435.6 740? Roods.
6272640 43560 ■ ?742>4 160 4* A
v o l , I .
465- L an d