Thé fan and fuécefibr o f this hing founded Biorgën, ar Bergen,
in l ó ö g v ' - ; I ' * ' l ï I
ê . Magnus II,' in the year io9&,^fohdaed the Orkneys and HebUdés,
which had been fubjeffc to thé Normans from abddh bot-the earls
had refufed homage to the Norwegian kings.'
7. The Hebudes, orweftem iflànda, Was ftHTénâèred to 'Sèdffând,
À. t>. 12é®, by Magnus 'V-: bût the 'Orkneys continued to %e regarded
as %bjeft: Norway till the yèar 146&, feekhdywhieh had exifted
as an independent republic, about this- time became fabjeft to Norway.1
Magnus V firft mftitut’ed hereditary dignities ; and imprudently excluded
the deputies of the people from the national affembly. ‘ 1 S
, 8. The final ’:isâ ôn -''o f'N b ï^ y 3JMtih Denmark A. D. 13 8y; fiëcë
which period the evCffis muft be fbftjght in the hiftory o f the latter
kingdom. -.......’ '■
The ancient monuments of Denmark and Norway are chiefly what
are called Runic, though it be not efcàr at what period the Ufa bf the
Runic characters extended fo far to the north. - “Qrcles . o f upright
{tones are common in all the Danifh dominions, in HolÉciri, »Slefwic,
Jutland, the ifles, Norway,“and Iceland; id which Jailif vë^ntxy th^r
origin is perfeftly afeertained, as lome were ëreétod 'even - in féëenfi
times o f the Icelandic republic, being tdlled. Domhiing, W Givslés-
Judgement. Some alfo appear to harvtebhgeit ..çtnteiëiÉësyëf' fopii&t
families. Monuments alfo océur ^öf two upright -ffones,, 'with' One
acrofs j and o f the other forms‘imagined by our antiquaries tu b e
Druidic. Since thé cdiïvcrfion o f thefe countries tO XJhriftiahity, in
the" eleventh century, many chUröbes were drifted'; among; which
are thofe of Bergen and of Drontheim, both built o f ffeohe in that
century. The refidcnces of the chiefs appear to have been : generally
conftrufted o f wood ; for there are few ancient caftlès to be'fourid in
Denmark or Norway. In Iceland'there ftill exifts.a bath, bqilt by
JSnorro, the famous hiftorian, in the thirteenth - century ; 4^ut: .the
edifices were there alfo of timber, fo- that no remains cgn exiil,
* T o r f. Hift. Nor. iv. 334.
CH A P . II. P ,OL IT I|C A T G EO G R A PH Y . 495'
C.H A P jJ '^ R~. II. I
„ P o l i t i c a *. GaE9G]R4.:Eiiy;tr. .
Religion.—EccJeJiqftkdl Geoggpphy.-1—Government.—Lews,—Population.—Colonies
s-r-4xmy.—Navy..-7R^wn^e'.—Psblrt&cf^Jtopptyarug -and;Relations. '
fT ^H E religion -of Denmark and Norwayds -the Lutheran. There is
-»• noarchhilhop ; hut the bifihopricks are ‘twelve,.fix in Denmark;
four in)N&way, and two in Iceland. The chief fee is ihat jof ?jpelandt
whieh yields about «uwcdita.year.- Theotshers.are'from 400!. to rffooL:
the bi£hopricks\ of Skalholt and Holun in Iceland are only .valued
each at, iyol., but living is far cheaper- in that ill and. The other clerical
cedars'are pfovofts,or ^archdeacons, parifh pijiefts, and chaplains,
The parochial 'clergy are maintained by their glebes, tythes, and fur-r
p lio ef^ s ; but in Jutland fqrpe of the livings do not ^exceed 2,oh a*
year.*'.;-.i;i
. Since the-revolution of 1660, the Danilh gpverntnept h.aa been an
|tbfolute monarchy. That revolution yeas'; produced by jthe dpftigacy
o f the n’fbility, and consequent, enmity of ,t^e": clergy and hprgeffes,
who .perceived no other means, of humblipgtheir adverfaries. As-the',
northern nations are feldoni deficient in good fenfe, ,we may conceive
that theoretic reafonings on the fubjeft ,,are idle ; and, that, as the nobility
would make no conceffion wnatevjer, there remained only the:
alternative of an abfolute monarchy, or a civil war. At the fame:
time,. a;s the intentions, of the clergy and burgefles were perfectly-
ti.nderftopd, and then original aim was to* acquire a parity of power,
it may well be regarded as extremely ungenerous in the,1 monarchy.
--' !* Rieffi'eck, iii. 10J, “gives aVingirlar'pi&Ore o f the R&nifti paFoditalt^cfgyj'wfio are as-much. '
venerated b y the,-people jas|Jheiy' lyeren^ Scotland. aj century, a g o ;, but are c :
being held in ftrift bonds bjr the court..
thatE
R em g îo n .
Ecclefiaftic
Geography.
Governments