„397., Molyldena has its %eoific:”gravity-J 55,69. I t is:
o f a lead colour, refembling,. plumbago. j N o acids aót on
it, but the arfeuical-and. nitrous.
, 398.' Chrome, fy lvan ité,titanium, and other newly
^É^oyêred femi-metals, are» rathe^r objefts-Jp’f curiofity
_....
1 39® Mr. K irwan' divides1 mountains into\vntire,
jlratified, confufed, and volcanic.-
400. Intire v mountains . are. farmed .o f, ft one, without
any | f I g f l r ~fiffure,^nd-moftly>; lxontóg^è^tjs«^-TOey
confift o f' granite, 'flagftone, limeftone, ;gypfum%{ &c.
and o f iron ore.
I 401. Stratified mountains are thofe wh'idbt are regularly
divided by joints or fiflures.
'402^ Confujed mountains, are thofe o f a confufed
i k u ^ r e f^ p K in g o f all; fo r t s o f If ones he aped" to ge-
ther, with fand, bl^iandrimcai but with fcarcely any
403 The. ftrata o f which mountains-confift, .are either
homogeneous, or heterogeneous.
404. Homogeneous cohfiftchiefly o f argillaceous Hones,
or iiliceous ; or o f '‘both, the -on|i «other.
Sometimes oflimftpue ; and fometimes the argillaceous
are covered with ’granite, and lava. - .Thefe moun tains
are alfo, th t chief’feat o f metalicores, yunning/im veins
and hot in ftrata.
5 405. Heterogeneous coufi^of alternate ft rata offtones,
earths, metalic ores, and fometimes lava, coal, bitumen
and petrifactions are, here fo u n d .A l f o , falts, gold in
fandy ft rata, iron and copper in ftrata, lead ore, See. _
406. Volcanic mountains appear to have fome connection
with' the. fea, for they are generally in its neighbourhood.
On the top therms ».h^llowgllfe^an.myëijed?
cone, called the vcrater, through whicj^the lava gene-
rally paffes ; though. foretimes it bur ft s out on, the|
fides, and nuns a redhot.river oftmatter^or lava. Thefe
eruptions are frequently attended with thunder,'- light-
nrag^hnd earthquakes. In 1779 the lava oHMount
Vefuvius aim oft deftroyed the' town, o f Torre del Greco,
the inhabitants ;o f which had fcarcely* time to fave
^fémjèïves. From .-the immenfe quantity o f matter
thrown up at different times, without diminiftfing their
apparent bulk, we may conclude, the feat o f thefe fires
to be many miles underground. Thë^r^plpfton, and
eruption of the melted matter probably anfe from water
getting- down, upon the fire, and; men- .being converted
into an elaftic vapour, the fórce-'df which.is known to
be feveral thoufand times greater-than that ó f gunpowder.
I f the fuperincumbent weight bé too gre^t for the
force,- it then may -produce earthquakes without, air
,€rupiion. • T h é fubftances eje&ed are, phlogifticated,
fixed, and inflammable air, water? afhes, pumice ftones,
ftones that have undefgone1 no fufton, and lava. Stones
©f 10 feet diameter arejfometimes thrown to great dif-'
lances..
407. Petvifaftions are. o f Ihells found on* o r. near-'the
fur face o f the, earth; of fifh deeper, and’ o f wood the
déepeft.. Thofe fubftances which refill putrefaction the
» ok, are frequently found petrified- ; .and ‘thofe-that are
1 1
mo ft apt^td^pmfrify are feldom found petrified. Petri®
factions are moft commonly foi|@^ in ftrata ^q§^aarl,
chalk, ©r e la y ; but they fometimes are.ftourid'in gyjijfSin,
pyrites*--„©res ^ (^iron,popper and filver. T he y are
formed in-climates where their originals could not have
r 408. W a t e r , perfectly pure, is ’tranfparent, w i th - it >
colour,-tafte', or fmel’l.- When expofed.to a certain de- .
gxree o f cold, it ^becomes a fdfil ; and when ^&pof|d|to.
a certain-degtsee/pft&fea t, it is diftipated in vapour. ' -It'
is incompreffiblb by any human force ; but by heat and
cold* its bulk is in^e'afe^and diminiflied. In an open
veffel, it iy incapable o f receiving above a certain'degree
bl;hegh;i but in a c'onftned.veffeh the heat -may be in-?;-
creafed beyond that..* T ill la te lyw a t e r was thought a
ilmple fqbffance, but Mr. C avendish. bas'&ifcovered
that it is a>^m^ouftdj -o£,%yy^"|;ai-v^, .inflamrmabfe anM^t
pMogiftieat.ed, or - vital air for i f thefe airs be burned
together, water i&4p|Mipedi which
dn;\veight to 'fha|^qftth.e quantities o^|j^' mad el ufe o f ;
itris fcberePofeTupp^ffdy^hatjdu^g^combufti^^the^a-a
tent heat that maintained the serial form is given out. 1
is the pureft natural water,
has the capacity-vo f . v a r i e t y
* of fubftan ces, as earths/falts, and metals j-and the water
“o f fprings- receives its name from the fubftance it hold's
in folutip,ri. ’ vThHeV\yaters however may be ‘obtained
pure-by rT h e fubfttfnees'b|td infolution b y
water,-.ate j|ra
410. Fixed air. This giyes a />brifenefs to waters,
fimilar to.that^of fermenting -liquors, whieh is chiefly
©bferved;' when -the water is poured from ,one veffel to.
another 1 1 I t is very volatile, and efcapes when the water
is. expofe||^^p|^ air.; |I ,
41 [. Fitrioliey Jiitrous', -and muriatic acid. .jOtte-ibr
|i;f|fer o f thefe exift-in ‘alrnoft' all" mineral w a te r s )b u t
fometimes the vitriolic exifts in a feparate ft ate, and gives?
the
. .. 412C. 'Alhalihe- jMf:.:^ ^^^|:i^^u^d^mi,#a'nyi waters in
H u i i iy f? anH oth^tonntrie's^ It is'ufu^Iy.
the foffil alkali" which is combined with fixed air In the
Seltzer- waters; arajf^whh the mineral acids in' others.'
The vegetable an^|p)'atftle alkalis rarely are found • in
mineral water-s.
.413. NeufretHfitlt&^i^'h^^var^
fpr^n&s* Common-Xeijlt'S, n'itre, and vitriola^ed^'a*gftesfi'a^
are moft’ufual.^the latter,ja%U.nd^in^^|\ft^ '
and Is; called /Fpioin. falt.-^S[€l^4tOOniI^^s.|-found
fprings in the,riei^hbour-hood,o£%0M^^^^hurmng
coal min 68.
■ 414. Earthy fubftances- T h e ^alc&tedus- earth is.
.commonly, found s united" with the viVriodic .acid. Calcareous
nitre and muriated calca^eotis^earth are alfa'
found in fprings. Waters febntainin^ only earthy
lenites, are called hard, and do not xliffolve foap welti$^\'
415. Sulfihur,. ■ Many waters b y their fmell' feem)r%a
contain fulpbur, though very few o f them ar.e^found toi
afford it., Thefe waters are generally impregnated-with
, a.fulphureou s gas,
416.. Maak*.
fea fait, a-ni a very fmall portion o f cathartic fait. There •
is ajf^ a,; caH chalybeate water.
' 424 Cheltenham. T i e water here is a cathartic
[ihatybeate, a gallon of which contains 8 drams o f cath-
if§!J fait, partly vit^iolated natron, partly vitriolated
imagiefia; 25 grains oft magnefia,. partly united with,
marine,,'and partly with aerial acid; and nearly 5 grains“
o f iron combined -with aerial acid ^ it yields alip 24-
I ^ n w i i ’|^fui;evs^6f fiked-afr^ ahd 8 of azotic and hepatic air*-
- 425. Harrowgate. Here are four fprings nearly alike,
except’ in|tfte faline matter ; o f the three old Ones, the
h-ighe-lk'CVntai’n s '3’ ounces-of fol'id matter, the lowefft
1 ^ ounce, and the middle 001^ \ ounce; o f the fourth,
‘1 4 a a r e earth. ^Tfie^yater ''is clear and fparkli.ng, .
and has a' ftrong fmell of fulphur, with a fait'tafte,' as it
Mytains fea' fait, a little marine fait o f magnefia', and
I 'calcareoi&!e|rtft. When taken plentifully, the water is
cathartic. v ' , s
I |Her-e- aire' ievbral |prihgsr o f warm waterflightly
. 416. Metals.Oi thefe, iron is moft frequent, and forms
w.liat is calTediiie'.C/ja^rafc waters, and thefe are very I
eominon. ‘ Some waters contain copper, andmore rare- I
ly zinc. Sea! water contains:, befides earthy and fele- I
nitic matters,, a large qjiantity o f mineral falts.
j.17. Offpri gs-con aiding the < water , fo n t a : '1, I
and! r i r iu 7 ~', t J dtirne >tmo t a c gree ofb< hi . I
Mr. Tissi,»GTON obferves, that waters flowing
?tl)l it n all .‘id"d rTlb4vv’'Jt-7 a e^w* i Kli 1
« S 01 j l 1 emarlcedj J-b '.llieihitfu'riitfeJ'J;)r.iii-siin I
•Jfr-ti-ce fiuw ilrtobi'll ih’ til '.-H< ri'-e; th^.efsWoCci ^ to I
< i c v - i y n ' " 'I f c i t i 'c i r . y fabteSr^dOTra.m^MjE^-as the I
heal r a "* 't v ,r wa'KiVgi I
jdtssw andsofl^w^Waner il ,n i -wfl i1*? ’o i-ffa t i/ e 'i I
^ poht i iTjtdmn^ v htthev ?’ » i r j' i 0 ’ I
diil'i abjd ht?.t> ■
4 it .- t5 ta v ilu h. . bt q Vobii-h.-fe'1 toll ifn3Hii*ni'|.e I
i 1 m ] t tn a i u i j l l ih - i i. in J Ik ij'ia I
tildin lia w iliv , is l > f'i' :»iS'91'd-'.*J
lo o ; the watei i. th iifin ii ‘j ,11 1
for water is lap.ii 1. < t iiil"i.Uii ;inCM'KJ -'-’o, I
it,s'i%,eigbt < t T i t ( . i i i-*i lit i iK* e l l 1 i I
wau i lndei p.oi ' i u, the v. 0ct o>tn|i.-i il h ■ -I
ntr^he^lalt 1 Uni d *11 e iv it<_r wh (.lr-e'fc i^'s i ti i'h"‘ I
tdenceyjfeajwater m iv -be -it- duid'-tTcfl,, b\Vada] ing.a
‘-f « ftt’ liinoii hiMjeJ’S id
fteam-in &Abgfliea.d-jas a rtcjiver.* frelh water I
may be obtained at fea. -
. i t e'vMir.bjiefli note tl < i^npofition o f the waters
in fome o f the moft'r.emai'hable fprings. ,■ -
lU-CJufelle. ’ ’iplfc w>iti.'s'»&ere ait hut ahtll
fulphureous. Their tafte is faline, bitter, and urinous.
A n In ntof this iWteivcpiTm*’' 2 1 1 * a (,f jta 1. It tl t l
fame quantity o f cl ilk, a id l f dram of f( fhl'alkali rJ 11 y I
are. gcneraUyneat-bui t tf n , ‘a^.dt^'fllri < to ptrtj
ipiration. Their lieit; is; from . io6° to J-jS? o f b ah -
a M l iisJt-hidrtnim’ l t *.* -v
421. Ditb. rbe waters here are h o t ; 1 -it lia 1 <V I
ferent legre s of heat ill the differ nl 1 aths, c f whi<hi
there are fix ; tin nature, 'of" tl e \ itei in wevei is thi I
fame in -al! . 1*1 e 1 j nil ipal . baths are the King's baths''i
llif,' ^Ju'r’1 , hath, and1 the b itb. T he two form' 1 1
raife thestberniometer to n 6 c, anil-.tbe latter to 1 1 i ° .I
The. watei has a flight faline, bitterilh, at d, t hal b ate I
t ii-i , nd fometimes a fmall de rree o ffu li l*u e ) isTmell.
One gallon o f this water contaii s 23 •} rains of chalk,
thesfa-m'e quantity o f miiriat i f magnel a, 3 -1 grains' o f
f-ea fait, and 8,1 grains o f jerated irqn|:.^lrhe water operates
| o 1 crfully as a diuretic, and promotes perfpira-
tion. I f drunk at once in large quantities, it fometirn.fe'S
purges ; but in in 11 nai tint s it has ct r » * je fS I i 't .l
422. Briflol. T h e fprirrgis' afe5,ih'ere'::^M^;rhW Hot-
•welts. T he water at warm,, and fparklin.g.
I t l as no fmell and is pb afa t to the tafte ! It raifes
t ie tl etm meter f c m 71 0 to So '' O -'l a’k contains
I2-| grains oifcglialk, 5J grains :of ,’ m . t i f mag-
nefia, and* 6-^ grainS-.o^i^.falfi* *' »
, 423. Buxton. The hoL bath here raifes the thermo-
.' meter to i _ S®?., I t has a pleafant taKe',faji.a .con- (
■ Jains.a little calcareous earth, with a fmall qiiar.t.ty,of
‘ impregnated1' with l'ro'rib* Its heat is about 69°. ■
427. T h e waters; h ere are chalybeate-'
I and cathartic. There are two wells. In one, one gal-
[.'lOn' o f water b'bntamk'M^rainstO^ 2 o f ■
..ochre, and ;'2'>#6, 'o f vitriolated magnefia f-injthe otfier,,.
it contains 70'grains of calcareous earth,VI39 o f vitrio-
| la-ted' magnefia, and 11 of fa It" water. The waters have-'
te S iifli1', pungent, chalybeate tafte, at both the fountains ;
I b%f.,at^|^^ 'cath^rtjb, ^Ee watbr taftes bit—
terifh, which is not the cafe with the othter',<i'called the
I chalybeate. \\i.
428. Pyrmoni. This is a brilk-chalybhafeivabOdn^ '
fixed mr.-; and' when' taken .from . the 'fountain,.-
fpa^iles very much ; it has a fine, pleafant, vinpus tafte,,.
I ^^ell.(,yAy^aHoij contains' 46
grains of chalk, 15,6 >of magnefia, 30 of yitFipl^eii1 mag-
I nefia, 0/ ‘aerated iron^ T h ls -
I in large ■. quantity it, is
I
I. 429.' A t Geyfer, in Iceland, there- fprings up a hot
^t,e r,'1 which,1'upon cooling, depofits filiceous' earth
the water is thrown to the height o f'99 ‘'fee~tp, and 'after,
its fall,- its heat is 212
430» 'A bo u tl'6o yardtS - the ifland o£
at a place called' StX, dngelo',f of boiling.
\ ^a tftb^ lb fe s 'o n ' th^f%a^^^Jo^^i|il4ate‘s its heat:. t;o.-'
the; waters about, it,6 andl
I is *df great ufe to the inhabitants in bending-their.planks.
’ their
l fifh.' N#eaf the'ftiWe o&gis ifta^py^Sir. W . H amilton-
found, when bathing in whe-reithe,
[ fand was fo intenfely hot, as t^op^ge; him| to .retire*
4 3 1.’ Waterih^fted'\td '^ ^ ^ ^ h t e the barometer is
at 29-f-, flies off in fifeam*, and becomes an'elaftic fluid,
a^l'eaft'8o;@ times rarer than air. , This elaftic /fluid'is ■
v th^^pft powerful agent that can be ^employed in work-,
ing machines. The ft'eam may be- reduced back to.
water, by projecting cold water amongft it. Upon-
the. principle ■ of.’. g l f t e r a t in g '. j5 a o .d " ') ,|fihn def-
^Irpying il, | fh'e -l *' fteam engine is founded.* • Wheat
H