~,4&2
M ountains.
A th o s -
'Forèfts.
IBotany.
t o r k e y ; i n e U R O P E.
fhould b e fo u n d even in th e claffical regions,-, wh ich now form a p a rt o f
the T u rk ifh empire.*
From the weftern extremity o f th e Hsemiis feem to branch off two
other exteahve chaitts; one ru n n in g N . W. between- Dalmatia on th e '
W.-and Bofnia and S e rv iao n the eaft : while th e o th e r p a llingS* forms
th e mountains o f Albania and the W . o f Greece* T h e no rth e rn chain
begins with the Scardus o f the ancients, continued by th e Ruffinius and
th e Albius, an account o f w hich more properly belongs to.th'e 'A uftrian
dominions. T h e chain ru n n in g to th e S. has many claffical a p p e llations,
as th e iAcrdcerauoian, Pindus, &c. T h e E. and S o f GteeC'e
are affo crowded with final! chains o f mountains, and folitary hills,-
fuch as Olympus; Offii, Pelius,, and others. ' M o u n t Athos a detached
fummit in the N; E. is o f confiderable hbiglit, b u t has chiefly attracted
obfervation from its Angular fonra^ fo- m u ch refemMihg that» o f,|jlo p t-
ferrat in 'S p a in ; and from the many monafteries and chufchda'on-th'e
declivities o f its pidiurefque pinnacle.
T h e re are confiderable forefts in various parts o f E uropean Tu rk ey ;
but travellers have not diftinguilhed them by particular deferiptions. j '■
While all the Chriftian countries o f E u ro p e have been furveyed with
more o r lefs accuracy either by th e independent z e a l ‘o f thpir native
naturaliftsp o r unde r th e honourable patronage o f their refpedtiye
governments, th e Tu rk ifh empire, .containing' the moft. celebrated and
beautiful provinces on the face o f th e :earth, has been almoft wholly-excluded
. from th e “ refearches o f modern botanifts.,; T h a t jealoufy- o f
ftrangers, th e ’ refuit o f eonferous weaknefs in the government, and o f
profound ignorance and th e meaneft fuperftition" ip. the p e o p le s which
h a s • uniformly characterized th e O ttom an domination, hap -preVeu'md
thofe vifits to" Greece, and th e provincesTouth o f the Danube which
th e memory o f th e ir ancient glory, and the pure lo v e ' o f feience, and
nature, would have induced. | H en ce it is that the jBor-% of.Eurppqab
T u rk e y remains, in fo miferably im p e rfed a Rate: . T h e diftarit regions
o f India, Jap an , and Auftralafia, the fultry .•defarta beyond the
* Am ong the few travellers who have vifited parts o f mount .Hsemus, is D o Brown. ' S.ee hifif
Travels, London, 1673; 4to. p. 44, 8cc. H e only obftrves that one d f the minerals1 is taJe^,; SB4V'
"'that the chain is fuppofed to extend from the Euxjtnc to tjie Adriatic*. A s no fummit g f tKg
Jiafmus'feems covered with perpetual fnow, the elevation cannot be confiderable»
Cape
C H A P . IV. ' N A T U R A L : ' G E O’G R APH.Y, " 4 $3
Cape of G ^ l l /H o p e i^ h a lp èM a t i a l f^amps*l'of A&erica^ .land t the fom
lorn expanfe o f Siberia, have been penetrated by the indefatigable zeal
o f 'th e L in n s a n • fch p ö l; their- animals,' minerals, and vegetables have
Wen-irl I ponfidérablé degree defcribéd and arranged ; while the.; cradle
slyilization, the birth- place o f thofe. arts (th a t have raifed
the nations o f Europe to T o. proud an elevation above th e ' reft o f the
world, has bèen troddfesSfor .aget^paft J ^W b a% jn ïS ï& .' T tó y ëg e fa b le
tribes that clothe the rocks pffb'é* Cretan’É a '^ an d É Ö e the fimirnifs o f
Athos-' and» * Oeta, tJTat adprn w itf e ^ n ir varied va le ©fWTempe
and thé plaids of’T h e f l a l y b a l k o h ^ ^ £ u ^V y » l|ï|nyê4 ó E tb ^ jE ^ a i i ,
j ö* rif tr iiï:ftafèly l ö x u r i a n c ^ 'è t f 't h e ^ n iW ^ È V f e l ^ ^ t e ^ aM ê ^ fad*
ce'éd ter each.- ofehêr,' ^ h em tib ^ ^ te i^ ^ ë ^ r a iS è ^ ^ ü tilf e iêw ïr 'a h d unre--:
girded. A feW -haftyjgleanings^ kh’iefiy ff^pia tftte‘markime parts,,. K'avfe
bebn ;br&h|ht' hórrfe b y travellers; bfit dTtftè- M a te y o f,‘the. interior,
eipecially o f th o fe ..provinces - which -lie- between ’ &e' D ah u b e /aS d the
Archipelago^ w e are" almoft wholly Ignorant..'' .
T h è forefts-oflGreece, thdGrèeÈXftand s ;|a « l t®fèfproyineessbordering
thè'Arè’hipela^ó to the n o rth , c ó n fift^ o ftjli^ b ^W o n a t e i ^ l ^ l k V e d
fir? thé larch, the Tedar, th e Hex,, th e kermes bak, dak,.'*
the-oriental plane-treeVthe maple pth'fe fycatapEe; thehwalpkt*the
n u t,'a n d the beech.'-'' T h e principal fruit-trees ane . j th e f b K v ^ e ^
p a n , confiderable forefts Of. which, mixed w ith > th eh ro a d -le a v edm y rtle ,
m yrtus communis, adorn th e ..fh-ores o'fj'Crete’and i£ttica,y .th e j o ra rM K
citrus aurantium ; , the, fig, fic u s cariday th é vine*, to/« ■ w n fitck fx the
piftachfa- tree, pifiachia lentifcUs; theïbiaftich- t,ree, fiift'achik terebinthus ; n
the m u lb e rry ^ iw ow nigér ; and the pordégrapale, ..punica ‘g fa tiè tu st ■. O f;
thé Ihrttbs' and ftnaller trees^thê m b it w o rth y lijf acSfecé are the- bsy-t;ree;
laur-us nobilisi the laurel, p ru n u s lqurocerafus ;
the #. uftedo and a: ^andracbtie ; the c ^ r e f to jn ^ r tJ u s ^ s jp e s ^ S b ^ ^ k '■
rofe laurel, nerium oleander ; and the caper bulh, ckpparis fpidojap, * A
large, proportion o f{‘the; folk in«,QreêlGet andli ^piGré^k,l|l£Ènd% being
ealcarepua^sRher p f the purer kindsi as marble-and Mm^ft^nejAbUjO^the
mixed, as effervefeent trap , a- lterge; proportion p f t'He GrëeMjSoraS^'its ^
prefent impérfedt ftate confifts o fth o je ,nlaru:& th a t a rk p e au lia r(t o l im ö ^
.ftone diftriRs i the lower accefiïbJe. ridges)^ini Crete -pffiicipsBly
inarblfi.' ,
B otany.