369- Argillaceous,t&ySi\r'ç>x clay, lias its fpecific gravity
not above 2. ' T-t tfomBIne's with acids, and with the
vitriolic it forms alum. It. _ water very
. and, capable o f being moulded into various forms;ti't..is o f
■ Æ ft the. mufa&ories, for the effent'ial
' ' '1 in a]| kinds o f pottery, is day- 5 the Englifh |
ftone ware s, :ct: o f pipe clay and ground flints ;
the yellow Queen’ s ware is made of the fame materials,
but in different, proportions. . China is a femivitrified'
- eartherri ware o f an intermediate nature between .common
wares ' Climefe ware is cpmjpofed.'of two ingredients,
one. a bard ffone called 'petuntfe, and the other
called kaolin. This earth contrails very much by heat,,'
and,thence it has been made ufe'pfr-as a meafure o f .yery:
great heats, by confidering the different-degrees o f con
t raft ion. T h e natural fpecimens ai e , ! boles, ‘ mays,
nrarles, Hates,. mica, gems, See, - ;
370. Siliceous earth has its fpecific gravity 2,65. I t
is called cryltalline, or vitrifiable earth, and combines
with no acid, except the fparry. Ex-trerpe liardnefs !•
one o f its properties, To that fames,, in which it predo-
tminates, as flint, will ftrike fire with fteel. I t may be
diffolved b y fixed alkalis, either, in the. dry or wet way.
Its fpecimens are, cryftal, which is one o f the pureft,.
quartz, flints, onyx, jalper, wetffone,' fand.and gravel,
&c. T he precious ftones are principally compofed o f
argillaceous and filiceous earths. Bergman obtained
from ic o parts o f the following precious Hones :
1
Clay j • F lint : - Lime ■ | ■ Iron
siiiiriçrâïa'-k - 1 60 | 24 8 . |,.s (»'!
Sapphirë - j! 58 1 35 j A 2 s
T opaz 1 - +6 | . & - t , 1 . 6
.Hyacmtb. - j M I ,?Se m m
lR.uby ' - !\ 4° I 39, • ■ 9 1 . 10
1 3 7 1 . Mr. K irwan obferves, that the diamond and
^plumbago, cannotprpperly be arranged under the claf-
fes o f minerals, earths,'nor inflammables; but diamond
has been fince affigned to the latter dafs. A diamond
is trail {parent, often colourlefs, itrikes fire with’ fteel,
cuts the hardeft cry Hals, and even rubies, being the
harden o f all ,bodies : Its fpecific gravity is about 3,-6-
No acid but the vitriolic can affeft it. . In a.heat fofiie-s
what greater than that in which filver melts, a diamond
is entirely volatilized and confumed. Plumbago’ has
its fpecific gravity from 1,987 .to -2,267. I t is infoluble;
in mineral acids. T he fubftance is black -without; but
blueilh white when firft cut. I t is ufe'difor pencils.
372. Salts aie thofe fubfhniceswhiah are fufible,
volatile^^mble in water, not inflammable,' and fapid
when applied to the tongue. In their molt Ample ftate
it is a white,- brittle, and in fome-meafure a tranfparent
mafs. T he y arc Ample and compound. , Simple falts
are acids and alkalis ; and from their union a compound
fait is formed, called- neutral. Earths and metals will
• alfo unite with them and form 'compound falts,.
373. Acids are general'ly-fluid, and ;bhe.mark by w h ich ;
the y 'may be difeo'yered, is their property o f Changing to
a red, the infufion o f violets. T he y l afe^di^ingiiifiied
.•Hftaatostjd,''vegetable,1 and an-infah « i i
374. Mineral acids are ,the s e r ia lth e vitriolic; tlic
marine, the nitrous, the fparry, thefaccinpus^ the phof-
-phoric, the molybdcuous, the arfen-ical, the tungfteuic,
and. the fedalive.
. 375. Vegetable acids are vinegar, the acids o f tartar,
.of.fugar, o f forrel, o f lemons, and o fb enjam in.1 * (
376:..' Animal acids are, acids o f milk, 1 " ,
o f ants, o f tallow, o f Pruflian blue, and the acidum
periati. e
377. Alkalis are o f two forts, fixed and volatile;
and the fixed are either vegetable or mineral,. The mineral
fixed alkali is metwith in an impure ftate: in kelp, ■
barilla, f o d a .T h e vegetable
mi impure ftate in lafapf pe^|aff^|^to.
T he volatile alkali is ijercr met with but as compounded
with other Bodies. I t is fold in -(hops under the
name o f fmeling falts." -Alkalis change the blue in,fa.
fion o f violets to green.. - ‘
3.7^1."^iNBLh^MAgS^lf I^der\Hi§'‘lM d ..® '^ S 4‘^'
ed thofe fobflMcefey^^KaSlnifem^nm®^md?^l^ic'h,
do under 1} efS^jiJiinatfdn bjvfuiriisj MltA’o'r'
' metalic
tihft from fh ^ h iti^ g.th e fe ,! Ihme" an? f tu ii l^ d ffo fu e
folid tHe fpecific gravity o f Sne'u^teff neviMte^J'^ciis
2,5, and “the 'foSfcer are the Hghteff^pf',aBbadi^§r ’ 7
379. Thofelfnbft'aHegsBajey jp'flainmab|"ef.mr,mW®%e
damp, fuch as is frequently fritlin’d':n.cpal'-iiitg andjrriiries^
and this will burn w h i r W aed1 with' iwicc'ifr.ffeqdMs
bulk o f common a i r ; alfo, hepatic air, petrol, Bar-
badoes tar, mineral tallow, Scotch coal, Newcaftle ccfHj
'Gannel -coabffE.ifkenfiy
brimftone, See'.. ,1 *1
hard, that
Newcaftle coal will cake And; become cinders. Scotch
coal burns to a white afh. Kilkenny coal burns' with
lefs flame and ftno'ak than Cannel coal,', ahd-uiofe'.flowly,-
though intenfely._ T he earth irr th.i's .;cdal,-dbel’ not exceed
J 5 o f its weight; and its Jfepific rgravity is-about
1,4- Wherever coals exift, Hates are found near them ;
and fait or mineral fprings in- theaheigfrbourhood.. ’
. 38'- Metals-. ~S are'opaque bodies,
tvhofe fpecific gravities'are' above 5 . T h e y are all con-
duitors o f ele£tricity;and the befl-ofany fubftances. T h e y
a e foluble in nitrons acid, or in aqua regia'; andallpreci-
pitable in feme degree by cauftic alkali. There are 17 me-
talic fubftances; gold, platina, filver, copper, iron, lead,
tin, mercury,zinc,regulus ofiantimony, regulus ofarfenic
bifmuth, cobalt, nickel, reguilusfef itianganefe, andregu-
lue o f molybdena. B y the aiftion-offire and airmail metals,
except gold, filver and platina, niaybe reduced to a
. fubftance called a calx, and they are then faid td.be calcined:
T h e calx is heavier than the metal, owing to
■ the pure air which is imbibed during the operation.
Certain metals eafily combine to g e th e r a n d hence they
are ufed foi fo fikw g if Thus, tin. is a fold'ef -for k ad i
brafs, gold, or fil-oer, is a-folder Tor ire« - .
,-g3- gold', filver, ,{platina;iVan:fcmefeuryi are' called;,
■ jsetfoB metal'8, becaufe when calcined,-they recover their I
phlogifto.n without the addition o f anj pl-ilog'illic" fubftance.
Copper, iron, lead, and .tin,..are Called imperfeB'-
metalsf bec'aufe theyicannot be entirely rgd«qeil without'.'
the' addition o f fome j Islogifti'c I iblMl , 1 1 the e 1
howeive:r >j|everi: mercury-when folid)). are {malleable- to a ;
certain degree. T he other eightiare'caSea^mi-metals,
and .are feafcely at f t lMmall'ea'bfe; '_
383. ■ M m has -a- .fpecifie'f grayity^'feiaietiines as far a s -
1^,64; and s-fbl'ul e o r i ly S aqua -iC 1 I f- expofe'd
to the u-tmofl: heat, 1 loft ©s«e o f its-weight. -In its
na-tivejftalflfBis. found' n lumps, or in mixed1 V
with fan'd, or.embodied{in earths or flbn'es. ‘ When pure,
i t isia'lmolf as foft as lead, .and is neither elaflic'noi fo-
riorous; -aii a'lfey'of filver and" copper, each one part to
22 o f fluukgol'dr fu l l m ® itfa ' h;-rd as onrebin. ' ■
284. Silver when pare has a 'fpecific gravity of
'.I-|{,C9S ';i.3n|lis fdliubfeim ‘coneentiTited yitrioliciaeid with
thhfaffi£ta«ce.;of heat, and in .mo'fi'efjftely; diluti d 1 nitrous
-id W1 hout 111 it ■ Bketi' e fil er is fdni |$ i*i* 1 rani 11 ,
lemeliar, (ilamentous, capillary, abfo'iberit/wltryftahzed'
fefenNiih‘|SaJ,iouS“,,'earthi'andr'' ftdne^f f Alfo'^n ■ fepifate -
m ®i*.et Miver f « t e d Ifdffr
J nit he Britim paits-of-fllver'are a llie d 'w i th 1
oqdpte&w^n.)
wh'eu puieriita it-. Jpeutie is-avhy-'vcii ’
nea-riy- 2 3 ft lsfotludt only* .Uiithe goldaimihM'at. Pints
;pd~L nufc lofti' In the h)i'q^ut.la',iV!lfnouSjAi'’ttiii’ , iB
aii-isri^(rl irttiquu.-nlirnltxdd with'quft t <, afift d ft r 'u -
gitihu, BBawMBafe 1 lihlekonH 111 iq n n^ ia , orde-
phl(i;riJbVas‘driha'riiie acid-r'ahJ‘ ir, atmuf*as‘hard'0s il eel.
1138^6f Mercury in -its pure ftate^has -a fpe^fficyg-rarity
o f , bout 13/ ) , anil its liquidity (diftinp ufflii'uit’ fnfrrn all
other metal». Native ftietfeury-Is- found flp\^nJ|4£roBi^a-
ffiftbfN<iif:q|^tzy matrix, mixed witb’ fdhiC Btferffnetates
In Sweden and' Germany it is found united tip filvei -iiiiflic,;
form o{-1*illpbewihat 'haril ahd’b ritfk a rh ^ ^ n is lt.'h s is 1'
alfo been' found diffufed tbiipugh mafles o f clay, and
feme partii d'af kind o f .ftones..' I t is readily diffolved in
nitrous .acid/.-a-nd combines with almoft all metalic fuH'r
■ ft,®j§||!pi?
387. Copper has a fpet ific gravity fro.m',"8:,7 to 9,3.
I t is folubl'e-in acids, alkalis, and neutral falts. Native
cdpipdfi'is: found either in grains, cr in'lar^effoliid lumps,
or in a foliated1, -capillary, arborefeent form, or crylla- \
lized in quadrangular'pyarm.ids, or in. Clay, quartz, See.
- I t mixes with the other mCtal’s, {.and is confidcrably hard',-1
and malletiblef Brafs y r T 1 o f pure, copper, with
a.-fou-rthpipart o f pu-re' zinc, 'Copper mixed-, with tin,
-farm1 gun metal. V'C'oppef ' alloyed with tin-, make bell-,
metal. Chopper and, lead make pot-mcAal. Bronze is a
compound o f copper iand tin, to which zinc is feme-
times added. Pinchbeck is-a kind o f brafs made in imitation
of gold. '
388'. l£on has its fpecific gravity from y^d.ifo ;8. I t
is foluble in all acids, and is more (dipculf t o be fufedthan
any o f the metalic fubftances^ platina and manganefe
exGepted'. Native iraif cix-iflr'-in many placer. Its ores
are éitlièiâpurely calcifonn, as in' orchres;’- Or the calces
are.rriixcd, witbïdàffif^asriflffpaTS, jafper, & c. Or the
iribn^ÆB|Æzéâ. with-Tulpliur, as in pyrites, ■; Steel is
ufuftlyCmadeijby cementalion fi’Oay|-he bell forged iron,'■
wirh .matters o f the inflammahlc kind- Call iron - is not
malleable, and; fo'hard jtfetâffile wiffîl’bt touch it.' .0
3I9. Lead h 1 1 oecihc gi-a\-ity from 11,3 to: 1
I t is-more/oi- 1 efs foluble in all acids ; foft, and eafy o f
Native- leadl'-fsj faid-to have been1 found- in
: Monmoutlfolre in-' fmall pieces, and in feme- other places!|
■ The oresyof'lead are molbly found'amqngfl:'{calcareous
.anB ponffSfq®,garths. It is alfo found mineralized. B y
1 !f > 11 fV.Zrsk.r.ii.1. or red 'lead.
calces o f lead are;, ufed for painting. Lead is ufid
as a preparation o f enamels, and o f porcelain as a flux, '
àùd 'makes thé balls o fï%7gràzinÿ;.0|f pottery wares.
39.0: T in has its fpecific gravity from 7 :'tp; 7,45; I t
d-iffol 1 pint ■ o f fait or aq i, reg-ia ; is .not quite fo
foft as lead nd U fits the mod readily o f all metals.
Native tin has been found.in Gornwa/lia the form of thin
flexible laminæ iffuing out o f -a matrix o f quartz, or regularly.
Gryflàl-izëd. - T he ores o f tin are generally calces '
o f that metal in a ciydlahV.'cd' fonhy balded mo Illy in'a
filieeo matrix Pewter i i mixture of 1 and lead.
~ - {39'i.. Regulus 6f antimony in its pure Hate has its fpe-
. cific - g ra v ity '6,-86, Its colour is a filvery white ; very
biittle ; and is foluble irfa confiderable degree by feveral
acids. The. moll common ore o f this metal' is anti-
^ 392.- Regulus o f arjentc has its fpecific gravity'8 ,31.
Its colour I is bright yellowifli white, but yows black
■ by expofi re to- the air. I t is very brittle ; is eafily folu-
bie in the nitrous acid ; with more diflic ult y iif'theivi-
- friolic ; a ndw^ifc è ;yî t'a il f e ; 'rnà rinè { The'-ores arft
found prii ipallÿ iri 8axo y. I t is a llrong poifo.n, ind
' is foluble in 80, times its weight o f water. v
' 393■ Bifmuth has its fpecific gravity (Vo 11(9,6 to 9,7. Its
.colour-is reddifli,1. or yellowifli white/p'and it is very brittle.
I I t i foluble pfmmy'leyy dli<uf cKyiTomm^naliK.’cid ;
: a9 d^^^ra^^^ffie^tItaf^ne.tîH5|{b,ria'i:hàwgenll;ralllyî®®[lI,
'• ihi iCdlvîÆ'îil ohfi](|.f'1'p:'’
394:: Cobalt has its fpecific j ravitÿ about 7,7. I t is
o f a blueilh’ grey colou-r ; i's very brittle ; and its fufibiiity
: is nearly as that of copper. : Its 1 calx melted with borax,
k pot-alh, and white filicêoüs fand, gives a blue glafs. ‘ I t is
’ ' never-found native.
395. Nickel has its fpecific gravity from 7,421 to 9.
Its colour is-ÿefljiflf white, and it is very, hard '/audits
fuS@®% is nearlytàs that o f iiy
L ti ous arid, and'-aqua! regia. I t is found ©Stive, and alfo
w i tlf-ot li’e r ivi cfats.
t v?itl'gôï ïtegu/üs içf-mâiig in • re has its fpecific grav iiy
^ p g p Its colour is dufltÿ white ; it is harder than iron,
‘ and f e y brittle ; .arid is foluble in acids. It is lfot found
native. Iffa glol ult of miert cqfmié i lit be melted on
ap ie ct > f t harcdaj;;7au^3a fm ill piece pf the hi 1 k c lx
II o f -th'is.'metaÜbè adtk'dj it^fo'Umsn blueiih red glafs.