f contained" between the.ftàr and tftb ecliptic will be the
. l a t i t u d e , degree on'the-ecliptic cut ibÿ.: it will-.bfe
th& longitude. The di^arice o f two fta,rs may Be found",
.by laying th,e quadrant of'&Ltilude over ho th |'antfeounti-
xng the degrees .between, | ;
224. To explain the Phanbmena 'of the Harvef Moon.
' r Reéflfy the globe’ f0J*ft|riy( Çortlïc^^^titude,- for i-n-
fiance, that of London and as the rê^u-s orbit makésr
b u t ‘a |MfM anMewièh^®ïê _fedip£ic,dét us/inmofè the
eclipfie! to" reprefent. the^m p ^ ^ oçbit . t Nowlin* £>epT
Member,^vh’eix the fun is in -the beginning« o f WYd,\ ixthe
.moon be then at its j^ lli^ h iu d^ b è rn tne beginning or
artes ; anctas thei.âîêàn^mMiûh^ûflh'e hiobH is-abcuïb'i 30
ki^^day,^1oea> patch on the firft point of àriesÿ and another
I3°rb^düd^t dh the^eclihtî^; bring the former
patch to the horizon i;fanfi| then .turn the globe .till" the
other comes to it, and-‘the motion^pf the index will fijow
about* i j'y which is th e-difference o f times o f tlie mBon’ s
riling toil two fueceffive nights; becaufe the earth muff
.-make fo.mirch.more than a resolution' in time, before* it
overtakes the tó o ft ïh e next n»'ght. This fmall difference
tarifes* frOmTH'èTn'iall angle ©f thëmoon
iinakeswiththediorizdn. I f y oil* eontin ue*patches at evèry
ri,3° till you come lo libra, yftti will find the différence o f
the times o f rifing vviU-incieafê*4ip^to that point’, and
, there, the difference'Will oc iabowh rh. 1-7' ; and tSiapoint
o f die ecliptic, when it ;rifes, lihafes the greatefi angle
with.the horizon. Hence, when-the moön'cdmes to tn e
firft point o f ariesj there will be- the leaft difference- o f
the times o f her lifting, and this1 happens a't the'tinîe o f
the; full moon,-when ffie full 'moon, happens about the
2 1ft September. T h a t point o f the"ecliptic which rife's
at the leaft angle with th e horizon, will be found to .fet
af the igreâteft, anduthefefore when there is the leaft
difference in the times o f rifing, there-will be found to be
the greatefb in the times o f fetfeing. ^
: ^ On the Divjtôn 1 of ' Time.
1 225.- T h e revolution o f the eartlf aboutthe fun divides
time j into aftronomical y pars f the revolution o f the
lUôôn about the earth dmjes^..*& into aftronomical
‘months ; and the rotation p f t^e earth- about its axis divides
it into ' aftronomicaldags ; thefe, which ate afio
called natural days, include aTommop d ay and. night.
Thefe natural days are fubdividedby clocks into”hours.,
minutes\ zodfeconds. T he firft obfeéf. in tKp, regulatioii
and divifion o f time, "is to 'keep' the fame feafons to the
fame .months, fo that the middle bf.fumrrfet may gappen
towards the end o fju n e , and, the middle o f winter to wards
the end vó f Décember. ButbeTore/he/un-s motion
was tolerably well known, it wag hot e a fy to ; ;âc-
•cómplifii this. Some, o f th e ancients formed a tunar
year, c ö n f if t in g lo f i i fynodic lunar months, or 354
days, at the end o f which they made their yearbegin
again. But finding that this year would not agree with
th e fbafons, to corrëéf .it, they firft added a. month every
three years; afterwards, 3 months every eighth y e ar;
and la illy, 8 months every 19 years* ; Thefe were called
luni-folar years, and were ufed by theÿrirw and 'RïMànk\
The Egyptian year confifted o f 365 days'; they had 12
months^ o f .30; days' : each, and* then they addod-j, ekiys
more.' The. year which.Nu ma intrpduded /niqqgft the
Romans,\yasithè luni-Xolar year,v adding' to the lunar year
oP 354 days; 22 days every two yëafsf inferring them as
■ an itfte^afafy fmëhth^ a fó r February every other year.
/But Hfeotifgh or 'negligence o f th'e Priejls,
who had the câfg'oFthefé.matteré; fhe'.co^ê^mus;' caf-x
led' int ercafa tiöns/rméeelftry S i prefer vita g thé agréé-*1
ment bel ween the'ïïfhTffM- year and the feafons, were
either ©milled, or lo improperly-applied, as to*- pro.d.uce-
great difofders in the * Roman calendar. Therefore
•Jul ius C æxsA«, to. whom, ^heri ^ditfex^^Maxlmn'i^^ic
‘tare o f thefe things belonged, refolved tb-pfeve-nt,' as1 far
as ffe'cdOTd^’.tlTedîke çf'ôar's for the A^rarHièg;^
f-yy-after .having^iiçftôî^S all the feftiMs H B R j i er
feafons', he, by the .affiftande'oPSosigenes^*an^alhb'no-
raef ' o f Alexandria, càû|sd. thè^bM^^anf^olâf -'ye&r - o f
Nu M a to"be entirely laid a fide, and fubftitutedÿiîoftead
thereof, the Egyptian Tolar .year o f 365 -day s, with the
Jcorredrion ^pf-àn ^ddiridrial. day every fdyil yrear% it having
been ;foi?md< that the true .tropical year, by which
the feafons are governed, exceeds 365 days b y Ifx^hopfs.
-This is callra ’ tfië 'jfuîidn ÿ’earv T o a'dd a day every
ToUtTh^yea^be caufedTh e't^rft'y^um^
•a fÿ/w fM i^ aS thè'%eèhf|
-March, to be feckoned twie'ev“ f This! year:w'as
^cailled and itj is now called In oûr
êàljndaîvthis day is ad ded( every.'‘fourth -yea'r Æ ÿ e enji
o f F e b r u a r y i m m e d i a t e l y Came, into
•tffe throughout‘aU^ùf^jiéi j ] '
226. B ut ^ftibwed^ that* th is iè^|ÿe®^h -ç^[à's 'n"ö't
accurate^forfit ^ S ,fônhd^ffâ î^bè,,’lqij]èBxètsÿ‘afiàî% îl
ftices hapî^stî^ thç^- ^ d in
former, diffahl^elifs ; a®^^^^aCcu^^Pob'fervatfohS‘X)f
the fuff'difcoVeféd“ th'at the frVé “tiopical y e a r ’wàs not
365 d- 6h. but 36yd. 5hf-'48T-48".- The tropical year
• was therefore thought to b e longer’than «itvfëàîLy was,
b y i l'. which .in ^-Tz.piyèars.. would amount toAa
whole .day, and caufe the equinoxes to fall footer b^dne
day |^9:nd riiereforc'sth e^|niddfè?o f vihmmer^n^^iemi'dT
die .p f Twiriter | woûld^, fa lîg ^ ÿ d a y jfoph er.^À- further
ddçré£lîb^T^^,efofetJ>€çàme ;fn^pcffai,y. ;
j, I Ç27. Pope G r egor y X IH.-th ei efore, fet about th^
^prreaï6niTróm;4 d,efire;tbaTthemo.^ab^
er fhould'happen_ast as poftfblé W the fam,e ÿimes
o f the year refpedliveLy, \yith t l^ ^ ^ ^ l i c h it had been
kept Tofv torde years m e I e -general «có^n'cij > ^N k e9
i wKrcla was hqHentWtne year 3 2 5 , Çqt thlsxpufd/hpt
be eórteéted without -'affeiftini-,,' thë^ civil ' yè aK in ’ f i îÿ . a
-manner, thatThe vernalséquinhx^ofild 'thèù; and at 'all
future times, fall on, or as nearly polFibîe.fôy March 21'V
laait did at that general côuméîl, burwhichhàd then anticipated
10 days. For this purpofe,. he caufed 1*0 days
‘to-be dropped in O&ober-'l582, 'andby?fhiô; means ' thé
.vernal equinox was reftored toM a r ch z i'i And'having
cónfulted .with th e . afironomers, ^he ordeted th a t: three
•fueceftiv'e. centenary years1/which; according to the 9k-
K^ri>acc,oun’t;wm ;ld- 1mvebeen>^^rifer^ffibuljd be-iCopirndn ^
years, -but ‘that j every fo\trfh^ei-rten’aryf year 'ihould be,,-,
ar it otherwafe ,w©u<ldi have| been^a-biffetftilq year. *■ B y .
this means^ itfifei* '„diffefenceb&tweepl UxOT^i/.and tropical '
accouht^ffoH Sbhgflfpa^e lofysjp©^ years, wilfippt, differ fo!)
iMtupt--.fq. a whole day,
imlefS'Th^ii©^2^ yeaFs> ,aijthe,-end' b f which'tim^. ft will 1
beVheeeflaiy;)to.'make a. correftipnfor tljis day»-. Tfie^
cijril yearthuicqfre^ed^rfookplape >,in moft^part^bf^k^^
rope, many years agpj'but it did not'|g®' pla,ce iu.Ejtg^'
Idnchti|l|ih^ ygarr 1 at- v^hich;, tii-ndjd m , ;
days was'm^d;er that -beingv -then, ncceffary, jand the thirds
'offSeptemibei?. was, e/alhd^tMe^Kriffi?///i6. ThisTs-;e;ale^hy.,>
' us the and that^ m u fe -'-b e fo i^ e^ le Julian
. l lp fU H is called th'e; ^M^ile-. \ A s-feap/vyearly-h^j^eiiC
ev.eiy fourthly ear, andHevdfy hundredth year ,was a leap ■
yemm t|h,£ ffitltan’accb#h)i>^ffref%e%eyery?ye^^^CQ■ ft
oup*^ecamo; |c \ fehefe^ijceh^v
ten ary years, whi ch, in tlie ;G?;^or/hra( a ccouXn%^arecm|)j^t';©^'
be leap years,, are 1700, 1806, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2360,
2i£@o,y$:c. 1, Tber,efore ^Mt^f^year 1700 happened'between
thejtime’cp’f the coueftion by G r eg o r y ,,.cand
that made;by us,'the account had .leffjOU$|©n^
day ,> in that.' year which the y«/i/z« had Hot j^J^ipr^fqref
the Gregorian ;acepimty; i.baying, at'^the, time it ,-took-
place, left H u ^m d a^ , v^e Were- obliged todeave
days, -to Jyfng^u^aq^ulit-pOsagrpe^wfth^t-hafe^^
- 1 228. Amongftvdifferent nations, the oj^thte^
year vya^ted/- as{w^l,tais!thQ length. $ bega Mt|6.etr 1
eccl'efiaftical. year witC; fhff^new^ | tf^at mtmt-h>)
whofe full mobnkappen qdv ut^t^a ftprvsthp teri^hcqrd|iO'Xiij
The church of Rome b ^ ju #}teiy ye^|Oh t^C(SmQday^
' whiqh falls on th.e»faid-.fulffpioon, or thaj: happens next
after ft ; on on Eafter Sunday. < T he ^ ‘zw,’btga’n their
civil, year|wfth the- jnpyr moon-.- which: \
happening,next after the aut,um'nal equinox. /T h e G/t?--
j cifivs began, their year, with thef new, moon which hap? •
pened next after tlie< fummer folftiae*| - T h e ^Romans, ac- '■
cording to P lu ta r ch ,, began ftheir^y^ar. ai «March,
from the tirq^ of P.o.:yiULu's to N uma, who changed
the beginning to January. R omulus made;the year
confift of only ten months, jas appqark frerdjthe^name.ofi,
the Taft, December ,o x the t e ^ v ^ o j t b 5 and-that- March |
\\«as the -firft» is e.vident, becaufe they called^,the, fifth
ftoTn i t Iqifin^lis, the lixth and |the reft
order. -1 .The„$ril. month of the Egyptian year.beg^u^n^
oIihjA\uguft v2^i' s'TJie udrabic and * %urltfh yeaf
oft July C*|r T he |ancient Clergy made March; ?5,^the
beginning ^of the ykear. ■ : |
$i22Q.'i jTjie^fii^t^diyffion o f th e f c i v i l ; i s f in - t o , gjvfl,
months, ©Jjiyhieh thei e are twelve. Theie cannot be of
an equal length, becaufe the number ;o£days'in.a year-is
not divifible^by 12. There are therefore.in every year,;
o f 3,1 days each, fpur.pf^p. days^each, and
in the. common years one.of’ 28 days,|l^%vsrhich Gpatafns
29 in' every leap year.. T h e fe . are the-. m%ufhs'ufed fo^
• civil purpofes. But .the fpace o f 28 • days is alfo cadjecjg
month, a^rfd it. is by.-,the divifion; oT $hi|; mt'o.. fouT,:e.qjiaL
* As the year. jSoo was a.çommon year,.there w
parts', .that the year is f|.fbdivided, into weeks, each con-
fiffinig'pf feyen (day^. ; Hence, ,a, common year eonfifts
o f 13'/ o f thefe mortis,-Hr ,52 weeks and 1 day, apd a
le'ap,,year o f the fame, and. 2 days. •
: 1^30,, The^;days into which the civil year is divided,
«arei.c!l£d ria$ut al, andf doni^iiu 24 hours, ;“ But there-is
’ a dayfcalled artificial, which is the .time from fun-rife,to
fun-fet. T he natural day is either, 'agronomical or civil,^
®M:;(\a%6h;omical day^ 'h|gjn^ at noon. T he Britifbr
French, Dutch, Germans, Spaniards, Porfuguefeyand Egyp*
tians, , begirt, vthe civil day at tmidiil'g^|; the ancient
Greeks, Jews, Bohemians,*, 2^id Sil(jiansj began it at fun- -
ffettirig; .as^ydq|t|ie- modern and Chinefe ; and the
ancient , Perfidns, . Byplflns, and medeha
at fuM-rifiiig. The Jews, .Chaldeans, and rira~
divide the'Iiour into j 080'/.equal parts, called
y2.$$~<'>The points#,? time fipm which hiftorians begia„
to/reckon^aie called ^or^j-,for ;<#Ywyarid generally arife-
v T h e - fir ft ard is the Crea- ;
tion^ff^es'ddiifprld. ;B-Hiftprians diffe^aSjtpfi in,their efti-
m a e/jn^aklng it ft©m>39>5;o t o '4000 years*
b^p^ l& ^ r^ h^ fT he^ r^ pf the Olympiads is the moft fa-,
mousT©f which is placed 776 years-,
,u(e4* T he ara^
o f Nabonajfanwas 747 years;befo-re G h ir s t , from whicli*)
type ^ ^ e d n s arid, Egyptians -reckoned their years.
■ The We -ftf$;i'is? pjdleid -^be Chrifljdn beeaufe i t .
Ib^gan 1 a t ; g | p i n o t indeed^on- the very
day that he waS b o r n ^ i i> i s ) ! -eckoned on 25th of-De^,
, cember, but7^days<after, omJanuaryjTi ft the next year. The
ara .ofthe Julian year -was 45 yea^before th is ,'when
Jufiixi'S Qjesar r e j B-oman year,.and order-
; edthe yearjtO b#k^|^fedpI||5veB the Roman empire.
- Th*e Tzzri//^ «g/-zz is the Hegira,, orffight: of Maho-
mep^ 1 Portion <era> fci& i f degird,
;% i A . C.
* ',23^'.,' ‘1Bui'befidesf the^meafpres fb£ time^by .ypars^ j
ft, was-found convenient’ t© iwtr oquee' the ufe '©f cycles &
th a t is, a. circulation;qf time between tjre .return o f the-
fa|u^bv|n^ \ttf$\£cyp}e ofthe fun isthe fpace .©f S years,,
fel ■; thei-|days^; return ,agaip.
tof the fame-days, o f the week; the.
fSme vdeguees of thev ecl'i;gbf©|0|llthe?fame day^i ffias' 'not
,0 • ' ----- _______ tq ■rdifféÉ t e iil ' i'GOiyears,;- .a.„n-dj the '.ile_a__p yeax_s__ r_e.t..u..r..n.. -.
Mia i n i « et-©, the d'aVaS^of tlie week on which r/è.
da'yi.óifliO d u othfafi,;'. Thefe things arife-frôm hence u
m 365 (the 4 ays in a common year) be. divided by 7^
« i;://ich; fhows’' tha t, the laft day o f the.
yêiàv 'l . 1' ' 1 e as the firft, that is, if the firft be on the:
Monday tlielaft is on the Monday- Now it is çuftomafy^
I to^plasse agamlb-thfe ^ y p n ^ a y i^ d p t^ i^ d ^ I th e firft,
ftven le t t e r 4 p% th ^ iH e t ,4 À ^ B , G, D ^ E ^ 'G , ^ -
. cing A always agai-oft thg firft day o f the year, and-
qh^fëibré a-s they were,continued tlirou'gh tfie year, the
/amp letteivA muft ftand againftahe. laft day. Hencey.
i f t h e j/ ^ o f . January be'a and.A.ftands againft.
. it, A p,oints out every Sunday iu the year. But as.thcr
. ifiriÊ
now 12 days difference between the new- and - old Æile?