T a b l e 28. Imports and Exports of Cheese.
I m p o r t s , k g
Year E x p o r t s , kg
Sw is s c h e e se D e s s e r t c h e e se O th e r k in d s T o t a l
,----------------------------------------------
1 9 0 1 ........................
1905 ........................
1906 ........................
1 1907 ..................
3 6 3 909
3 2 0 4%
1818
4839
9 3 9 97 6 18 461
345 842 47 319 156 370 5 4 9 531 9 064
1908 ........................ 265 670 32 884 63454 3 6 2 0 0 8 3 50J.
1909 ........................ 270137 38780 43 937 3 5 2 854 58 766
1 9 1 0 ........................ 240 536 35 642 47128 3 2 3 3 0 6 23507
1 9 1 1 ........................ 255 463 39 678 42 074 337 215 2 956
1912 . . . . . . . l 61920 1 518 291 5 8 0 2 1 1 1 5430
1 Swiss cheese included in- »Other kinds» since 1912 in the Official Statistics.
sociation, which was formed in 1905 and has its business-districfs in Malmohus
and Kristianstad Lan. In order to make Swedish butter known, and to prevent its
being mistaken for the butter exported by other countries, a registered mark for
Swedish export-butter — the so-called rune-mark (Sw. runmarket) — has been
employed since 1904. This mark, however, is not only a national one, but it,
also shows the quality, as it may only be employed for butter from dairies the
butter-tests for which have shown that the cream or, the milk employed there,
for butter-manufacture has been pasteurized t o , at least 80 C., that the water
contained by the butter does not exceed 16 and that the quality of the
butter is irreproachable. The rune-mark becomes of greater importance every
year for the placing of Swedish butter on the English market. It is of growing
importance, too, for the sale of butter in the home-market, so that many dairies
which do not sell butter for export consider it necessary to endeavour to obtain,
the right to employ it. Since September, 1911, the highest amount of water
‘ contained by the butter has been legally fixed by a Royal ordinance at 16 / . and
regulations have .been issued respecting the control I l f this matter; the Board of
Agriculture has the task of seeing that the testing is carried out m a proper:
way. The butter prices are still ruled mainly by the quotations of .the _ Copenhagen'
market. Since 1891, there has existed a so-called Swedish quotation, too,
which, however, is fixed a week later than the Danish and gives the average prices:
obtained for first-class butter; it is thus, in reality, a market report.
is imported and exported, as already mentioned, only on a small scale. Tie
imported cheese consists for the most part of Swiss cheese, which is brought
into the country from Switzerland and Germany; some amount of dessert-cheese.
is imported mainly from France, while other cheese is imported from various
quarters, large quantities having been imported during the last few years froffl;
the Netherlands.
Measures for the Promotion of the Dairy-Industry.
The State and the various Agricultural Societies have endeavoured in many
ways to promote and support the dairy industry. . .
Teachers and dairy-experts. In the service, of the State there- is firs
State Dairy-Expert, whose duty it is to assist the Board of Agriculture > the
performance of its labours and to assist the public with information and advice,,
and, secondly, an agent in England and another in Germany, who have to war
for ’ the extension of the market for Swedish agricultural products in these g
■ countries. Several Agricultural Societies have appointed experts or dairy-instruct-
iresses (Sw. lansmejerskor), who have not only to supply the public in their
■respective Ians with advice and information respecting the fitting-up and arrange-
Iment of dairies, but also to give practical instruction in the manufacture of
■butter and cheese.
Dairy-scliools. At the Alnarp Agricultural High School there is a dairy-
I division embracing a higher course for the training of experts and teachers
■ in dairy-management, and also a lower course for the training of dairy-managers.
■The conditions for entrance to the higher course are that the candidate
■shall have passed the final examination at oneffof the agricultural high schools
■of Sweden, or have a knowledge of the work corresponding to that which
lean be gained there, and to have seriously taken part in all the branches of I practical dairy-work. For entrance to the lower course the candidate must
■posses»!a good certificate from the elementary school, and to have had at least
lone year’s practical experience of dairy:work in all its branches. Both courses
■last One year. At Atvidaberg there is a State Dairy-School, for the purpose of
■giving men and women who have already had experience in dairying and have
■ acquired some theoretical knowledge of their business an opportunity for the
■further study of the theory and practice of dairying. Two courses are held
■every year, each lasting six months. The State Dairy-Stations give practi-
ical and theoretical instruction to women-pupils, the course lasting two years.
■These stations, which are established in connection with private, well-managed
■dairies, possessing the most modern requirements in every part of the country,
(train annually some 10 dairy maids. The Malmohus Lan Agricultural Society
■has at ■ Alnarp a .Dairy-School for Women, which receives every year 6 free
(pupils, in addition to as many paying pupils as the accommodation permits.
[ The course embraces theoretical and practical instruction in dairying, and lasts
■6 months.
[ Dairy-exhibitions. An important factor in the development of dairying has
■been the exhibitions ; of dairy-produee, : From 1853— 91, these exhibitions
I were held in connection with the General Swedish Agricultural Meetings, but
■nowadays the exhibitions , of dairy-produce are held separately. As dairying
■grew more general, the need for more frequent and larger exhibitions was felt,
E and since the close of the sixties such exhibitions have been pretty regularly held
I at Malmö, until the close of 1890, for the Skâne Lâns, and in Gothenburg, till
[the close of 1893, for Western- and Central Sweden. Later On, these exhibitions
■resolved themselves into so-called butter-testing meetings, the ordinary trade ar-
Iticle at the export towns being taken and submitted to various tests as to quality.
■Leneral Cheese Exhibitions in conjunction with dairymen meetings were organize
d m Stockholm by the Board of Agriculture in 1894, 1895, 1899, and 1904;
■since the year last-mentioned they have ' been replaced by cheese-stock testings.
| p addition to the above-mentioned exhibitions, which were on a somewhat
[larger scale, smaller shows have been held in many places; they are a regular
||!ature of many of the Agricultural Societies, and undoubtedly greatly contribute,
| p hin certain restricted areas, to promoting dairy-farming.
I ISO?6***811 ,,u*tel'"testinSs- Butter-testings began at Malmo in 1891; since
It'tl r kave “been held at Gothenburg, too. Since 1894, they have had the
I i e of Swedish Butter-Testings; they are carried out by means of grants from
|P e Agricultural Societies and the State. The aim of the butter-testings is to
I ab]SUref pr0^u°'ti°n Sweden of export-butter of uniform quality, suit-
itak6 °n S B ^ore^ n markets. For this purpose, the following measures are
I by 6n . an ®xamination of the quality of the export-butter in various respects,
■butte6*018 °f auitably r a n g e d tests, is carried out with the co-operation of the
I er_exPorters of the country and the dairy-experts; 2) immediately after each