Owing to the rapid advance of shipping, harbonr-works have especially
during recent years undergone considerable development in point of technique.
In several places expensive quays with warehouses and arrangements
for loading and discharging, have heen executed. -§| Sweden does not
yet (1914) boast of any free-ports, but projects have been mooted for the
establishment of a free-port at Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmo, and elsewhere.
Particulary great interest in the project has been evinced at
the two latter towns,, and at Gothenburg a large extension of the harbour
which was resolved on in 1912 will in all probability be made a free-port.
The Statistics of the Board of Trade show that Sweden in 1910 had 260
harbours, that 331 064 ships of 10 tons and upwards . entered or left those
T able 123. Bocks in 1912.
Depth
a t threWidtE
A c t u a 1 D o c k ’ S
shold (at a t W d t h L e n g t h
P l a c e Proprietor of Dock mean entranwater
ce
at a t a t at
level) bottom water- waterline
bottom line
m m ■ m m m m
Stockholm:
Galärvarvet . . State (Navy) 6-97 16-7 16-6 22-4 125-0 1290
Beckholmen . 1
do. . J Grosshandelssocieteten 1 518
\ 3-96
15-8
10-6
15.6
10-5
18-1 a22-7
11-9 àl7-0
99-0
980
1036
100-5
Floating . . . . fBergsunds mekaniska!
\ verkstads aktiebolag1/ 5-48 i (16-8) i 74-0 740
do. . . . . Sodra varvet? 4-50 9-0 9-0 90 31-0 310
Norrkoping . . . . Private 300 10-8 5-6 15-7 69-4 H H
Söderköping . . . Gota kanalbolag 3-10 7-6 251 35-4 81-0 89-1
Motala . ..* . . . . do. 3'00 7-2 22-1 27-1 ■ 98-9 101-4
Sjötorp ................ do. 300 7-3 23-0 350 67-6 70-i
[ Oskarshamns meka- 1
Oskarshamn . . . 1 niska verkstads och 1 4-66 14-8 f 16-5 21-0 105-0 1050
do. . . . | skeppsdockas aktie- j
| bolag3 )
\10-2 11-4 44-8 47-5
Karlskrona:
O l d .................... State (Navy) 5’37 13-7 17-1 24-0 68-7 iv-68-7
No. 1 ................ do. 591 14-1 15-4 20-2 55-6 . 66-2
» 2 ............ do. 600 14-2 15‘4 20-8 77-3 ÍS . -89 7
» 3 ............ do. 605 14-2 151 21-3 58-6 3 6 7 4
> 4 ............ do. 6-11 14-1 15-7 22-6 61-9 ■; 71-5
» 5 ............ do. 611 141 15-7 22-6 61-9 !: 71-3
Oscars IPs . . . do. 7-53 ■ 20-8 20-8 25-5 119-0 1250
Sölvesborg . . . . Solvesborgs skeppsvarv 4-80 12-0 16-5 19-5 ' 84-9 -’ 86-4
Limhamn . . . . ( Sk&nska cement- 1
\ aktiebolaget J 1-35 7-2 7-2 11-0 420 ' 500
Malmö: old. . . . City 3-70 10-4 10-4 15-4 »72-0 «78-4
new . . . do. 7-25 4 20 0 21-7 27-1 «1600 «1630
Hälsingborg . . . do. 4-90 13 T 12-0 19-5 82-0 !p o -o
j Lindholmens meka- 1
Gothenburg. . . . < niska verkstads > 5’50 17-8 16-0 21-0 125-0 125-0
aktie-bolag
Trollhättan . . . . State 4-50 10-8 10 0 à 30 o 74-5 1' ' 75-0
1 Floating Dock, lifting capacity 2 200 tons, L section. — 2 Floating Dock, lifting capacity
350 tons, TF section. — 3 Gates common to both docks. — 4 At waterline, width at
port opening 24 0 m. — 3 Lengths in normal cases 8 m less. — 6 Lengths in normal case!
4 m less.
harbours, and that the total tonnage of those ships was 5 2 Vs million register
tons. In 235 of these harbours the tonnage dues aggregated 2 355 529 kronor,
a n d ' in 79 of them the freight dues totalled 3 417 975 kronor.
The Table 122 gives more detailed data as to the harbours which in 1910
showed a tonnage of over 500 000 register tons.
There are dry docks for public use at Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmo,
Oskarshamn, Norrkoping, and other places. Moreover Stockholm has one
naval dock, and Karlskrona seven. The Table 123 shows dimensions of
docks, etc. ■
There are large slips for vessels at Stockholm (Finnboda), Gavle (Gavle
vary och verkstader), Malmo (Kockums mekaniska verkstad), and Gothenburg
(Lindholmens verkstad and Gotaverken). These five slips
(according to data received from their owners) can take vessels o f:
79-3, 84, 84, 76 and 75 meters greatest length respectively, and about
1 500, 2 000, 1 300, 1 200, and 1 500 tons greatest dead-weight.
Pilots ami Lighthouses. Life-Saving Institutions.
The pilot and lighthouse services and the life-saving institutions for
those wrecked at sea constitute in Sweden one single department called
Lotsverket, the Pilot Service. This department is subordinate to the Lots-
siyrelsen, the Pilotage Board.
As early as the middle of 16th century there existed enactments prescribing
thati whosoever, after having undertaken to pilot a ship, ran her aground should
forfeit his life, unless the accident had been due to heavy seas and violent
storm. The Pilot Service as an institution dates back to the time of Charles XI.
In 1655 the Crown pilots had assigned to them certain farms out of the Crown
demesnes which were exempted from incumbrances, in return for which their
owners were under obligation to serve as pilots on the ships of the Crown in
precedence to all-'Others. According as the navy was increased, the pilotage
institution was expanded. In 1687 the lotsdirektorsambetet, the Office of the
Director, of Pilots, whs instituted. In 1774 was introduced “lotspliktighet”, th a t is
the obligation for vessels entering from the open sea to make use of a government
pilot. Perch beacons (prickar) and other sea-marks were in use as long ago as
the Middle Ages, but during the reign of Gustavus I the peasants dwelling in
the skdrgdrd (belt of skerries) were enjoined to beacon all reefs, shoals, and
shallows both within and without the skerries with “broom beacons” (stakes
surmounted with a broom). At the present time the approaches to ports and
the waterways are beaconed thus: red-painted broom beacons (kvastprickar) on
one side, and plain beacons '(sldtprickar) painted black and white on the other.
As regards lighthouses, it should be noted that the Kullen lighthouse in Skane
is the most ancient in Sweden, having been erected as early as 1560. However,
it was not till after 1800 that the development of lighthouse arrangements has
gone rapidly forward. The first lightship was stationed at Falsterborev in 1884.
The Life-Saving Service dates its origin from the close of the seventeenth
century; it was then managed by private persons. I t was not until 1855 that
the first life-saving station supported by the State was erected, but since th a t
tune this service has gone forward pretty rapidly, until it reached its present
stage of development.