tests of different kinds are made as to the strength of the material. For example,
yarn is tested as to strength, elasticity, evenness, purity, and uniformity, the
quality of the thread and the fibre; cloth is tested as to strength, elasticity,
durability, perviousness to gases and fluids, permanence of dyes, shrinkage. Even
separate fibres are examined with regard to strength and spinning qualities. For
these various purposes there are modern apparatuses, dynometers for stresses
ranging from 1 gram to 500 kg, etc., some of which have been constructed
specially for the Institute.
3. HIDES, SKINS, AND HAIR.;
The official statistics make the following distinctions between the
several different manufactures under this general heading; the figures
are those for 1912 (handicrafts excluded):
Factories Workmen Valnt®i.o onf, | kHr. |
T an n e rie s............................................ 198 4 850 30 355 000
Fur goods factories 22 498 4 511000
Shammy leather factories 2 10 59 000
Total 222 2 358 34 925000
Shoe fa c to rie s 86 6 765 36 043 000
G1»ve » • . 16 351 865 000
Other >____ 48_________ 784________4 517 000
Total 150 7 900 41 425 000
Grand total 372 10 258 76 350 000
The advance which has been made in this industry will be seen from a
comparison with the returns for 1898, which were, respectively, 685
factories, 7 461 workmen, and a production of the value of 24 271 000
kronor. The number of factories has thus decreased by 46 %, that of
workmen increased by 37 %, and the value of the production shows an increase
by 214 %.
The more important increases in the production of the wares referred
to in the groups will be seen from the following tables.
Tanneries.
The splendid development of tanning since the middle of the decade
1891—1900 is to some extent fictitious owing to subsequent statistics being
fuller, but it is, nevertheless, to a great extent real, partly owing to improved
technics in general, as is proved by the increased amount of production
in proportion to the number of workmen, partly from the general
employment of tanning extract, and also from the more favourable duties
which came into operation in the beginning of the decade 1891—1900.
Shammy-leather tanning has always been inconsiderable, showing- an
average yearly production of only 3 475 kronor between 1861 and 1865;
Table 83. Tanneries.
A n n u a l l y
Altered statistics from 1896 Number Workmen
Value of production
in thousands of kr.
1861—65'. ................................ ...............................
1866—70 ....................................................................
1871—75 ....................................................... . . .
1876—80 ............................................................ • •
1=881—85 ....................................................................
1886—90 ............................................................ ■ •
1891—95 . . . . _....................................................
658
656
679
666
658
618
578
1897
1566
1896
1787
1685
1666
1810
4 554
4 404
7 241
5 676
5185
5139
5 908
1896—00 . . ............................ ...............................
1901—05 ............................................ • • • • • ■
1906—10 ....................................................................
561
456
276
2 401
2 332
2 034
9 681
15 355
23291
191 0 ......... -.' . . -................................................
191 1 ........................................................................
191 2 .................... ...................................
243
226
198 '
2 084
19i5
1850
28878
27959
30 355
this sum rose to 142 000 kronor between 1896 and 1900, but then there
was a decrease to 59 100 kronor for the year 1912.
Tables 83 and 84 show that at the same time as the manufacture
in Swedish tanneries has rapidly increased, the import of bottoms leather
(sole-leather and insole leather) has rapidly decreased. The export is
Table 84. Imports and Exports of Hides and Skins.
A n n u a l l y
Leather
Quintals
Other dressed*
hides and skins
Quintals
Undressed hides
Quintals
Fur-good,
Value in thousands
of kronor
Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports
1861—65 . . . 1 3 8 6 h 315 29 2 5 3 4 2 2 540 . I
I g 6 6 _ 7 0 . . . 1 8 7 9 202 357 9 2 3 229 6 1 1 9
1871—75 . . . 6 426 295 1 0 4 4 18 36 595 6 737 669 141
1876—80 . . . 15 007 938 1 4 7 2 70 20 227 8 860 504 119
1 881—85 . . . 20 256 818 2 044 40 2 4 648 1 3 7 7 9 700 82
1886—90 . . . 2 0 1 7 8 355 2 678 4 8 2 8 848 17 982 1 1 5 9 128
1 891—95 . . . 2 4 6 1 3 1 0 4 7 4 427 105 3 0 756 2 0 1 7 1 1 6 5 2 534
1896—00 . . . 25 720 61 6 955 142 46 385 35 264 2 575 445
1 9 0 1—05 . . . 10 623 116 8 088 215 74 780 57 904 1 9 9 7 3 6 0
•1906—10 . j . 3 531 315 7 654 359 9 9 0 3 2 7 8 536 2 928 8 7 0
1 9 1 0 .................... 4 814 41 8 484 628 1 2 4 7 7 7 100 785 3 580 9 8 0
1 9 1 1 .................... 2 965 288 8 957 709 1 1 1 0 1 7 1 3 4 8 6 8 3 576 1 1 7 4
1 9 1 2 .................... 2 680 575 7 2 4 0 502 119 740 1 1 3 7 3 2 5 8 1 0 4 0 1 0
Value in thousands
of kronor
1906—10 . . .
| |
748 68 8 084 271 1 1 8 7 2 7 066 2 928
Ob» 00
1 9 1 0 .................... 1 1 0 0 10 1 0 1 9 3 565 15 243 8 652 3 580 98 0
1 9 1 1 .................... 700 70 10 483 562 1 3 8 4 2 13 564 3 576 1 1 7 4
1 9 1 2 .................... 78 4 117 1 0 7 2 8 446 15 569 15 206 5 8 1 0 4 0 1 0
1 Not including furs.