110 III. rural husbandry.
T a b l e 26. Imports and Exports of Butter and Cheese.
Annually
B u t t e r , kg C h e e s e , kg
Exports I Imports Exp. — Imp. 1 Imports Exports Éxp. —'Imp.
1801—1810 . .
1811—1820 . .
1821—1830 . .
1 1831—1840 . .
1841—1850 . .
1851—1860 . .
1861—1870 . .
1871—1880 . .
1881—1890 . .
1891—1900 . .
1901—1910 . .
3 570
16070
14 290
7 520
11130
19110
661060
3 674 910
11057 880
21142 549
18 919 889.
38 420
284 680
844-910
726 460
230500
432 580
1209 760
1960 390
2 521350
730 258
434 869
— 34850
— 268 610
— 830 620
— 718 94Û
H 219370
— 413470
iS S 548 700
+ 1714 520
+ 8 536 530
+ 20 412 291
1 1 8 485 020
13720
7290
500
790
840
7 800
59910
147 lOu
158 330
102 300
12 950
328770
261370
284 700
157 370
80 460
372 290
419 770
615 360
395 08Ó
258 320
411135
— 315050
— 254080
— 284200
ip ? 156 580
— 79 620 :
— 364 490
B 359 860
— 468260
Ü B 2367501
— 156 020
— 398185
191 1 ............
191 2 ............
| 1913 ................
22 175 688
21 236 722
19 654 318
155 597
123 885
195 986
22 020 091
+ 21112 837
+ 19 ^ 8 332
2 956
5430
2 742
337 215
580 211
1 550 548
— 334 259
— 574781
—- 547 806!
Note. Regarding value of imports and exports, cf. Table 8, p 30.
nies also found it a very difficult matter to dispose of the skim-milk m a satis- j
factory way. - ' *v* I . I i i
At the beginning of the nineties, these evils were to an essential degree
cured by the employment of a new system for dairying called the ®fopera-|
tive system (Sw. andelsprincipen),;,a feature which may claim to be the mostl
prominent one in the history of the development of dairy-farming- m Sweden,!
during the last decade of the century. Dairies of this type had been in exis-j
tence in Denmark ever since the middle of the eighties, and had gained g r e |
support. It is true, that the first Swedish Co-operative dairy had been established!
at Vilan, in Skane, in 1880, but it was not. before the beginning of the!
nineties that the class of dairies in question gained a firm footing m tie
country. In 1890, of the then existing 1 562 dairies, only 73 were cp-operahve|
establishments, but five years later, out of 1 793 dairies, 302 were on the coj
operative principle, a t o t a l w h i c h has since gradually increased. The strengttt i
of the co-operative system lies, above all, in the fact, that the milk-suppbe J
have common interests and enjoy a sense of joint proprietorship; they e l
selves receive the profits that may be obtained from the milk produced on
their farms. The consequence, is. that they see it is to their interest ,
deliver milk of good quality. It is easier, too, for the dairies m question JA
obtain the necessary capital, so that j t becomes easier for them to keep pac
with the demands, of the times in the arrangement and equipment of tbeffl
dairies. In another respect, too, these dairies are m a better position th
their rivals, the Dairy Companies, viz., as regards the employment of the ski j
milk, this being taken back by the qnilk-producers and utilized in the mosuitable
way on the farms. & B |
In the above remarks only butter-making has been mentioned. The secow
principal branch of dairying, the manufacture of cheese, has noV in bwe |
reached a position at all comparable with that held by butter-making,
true that, at an earlier date, cheese-manufacture was earned on on a relaU
large scale, but in the same degree that the main interest of the dames gradual
aimed at increasing the export of butter, nearly all the milk supplied M
establishments mentioned was employed for making butter, only a sma
centage being devoted to the manufacture of cheese, the home-supply of which n
not, as a rule, been quite- sufficient to satisfy the- Swedish markets^ so
Brices of best export Butter. Per quintal.
Kr. ;
300 ------— - -■ -.7... - '------. , • ' -■■■ ■■ '• " ''
200
700
■ Year 1872 1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905 1910 3912
there has nearly always existed an excess of imports of cheese. Every now
land then efforts have been made to create an export to England, now of
one kind of cheese, and now of another, but the attempts were soon relinquished.
The competition with cheap and excellent products from the U. S. A.,
(Canada, Holland, and other countries, which fill the English market, was too
feevere, and, in addition, the export prices have always been lower than the figures
(quoted in the home-market, so that it was impossible to obtain higher prices
for the milk by converting it into cheese than by making butter of it.
I In Table 26 a survey of Sweden’s exports and imports of butter and cheese
¡from 1801—1913 is given as an illustration of the development of the dairying
industry of the country during the .period in question.
[ The effect of the ice-method during the seventies and of the introduction
jof the separator system after 1880 is very clearly shown by the great excess
of the exports of butter over the imports which begins then. As regards cheese,'
(the average figures show a steady surplus of imports, but as a matter of fact,
|ome few years (1871, 1887, 1888 and 1891) give export-figures which are in
[excess, although but slightly, of those for the imports.
The present position of the Dairy-Industry in Sweden.
I The production of milk. The raw material employed in Swedish dairying
|s almost exclusively cow’s-milk. It is true that, in certain parts of the north of
Sweden, some little goat’s milk is used in the manufacture of goat’s-milk cheese
f whey-cheese, but the amount is- comparatively little and plays a very unimportant
role in the milk-economy of the country. According to the statistical
:reports for 1911, the number o f cows possessed by Sweden in the year named
pas 1 837 035; all of these, however, cannot be reckoned as milk-producing, as
Hinder this heading are included all heifers not less than 2 years old. It is
impossible to give any reliable figures for the average annual production of
T t' pei’, cow\ Tke averages given in the reports issued by the Swedish Cow-
gestmg Associations vary with the character of the animals and especially with
L 6 bleeds to which they belong, and also with the quality of the feeding of
irmn°7u They amount in tlie southernmost Ians of Sweden to more than
Ira ™ogram3 of milk per year, in Central Sweden to about 2 700 kilo-
| ? S’ af d j11 ^ e north Of the country, to about 2 000 kilograms. Ac-
Ran . “ e sp o r ts for 1910— 11, the average milking for the Malmohus
Cad tro1 Associations was 3 501 kilograms; for those of Kristian-
? 176 kilograms; for those of Skaraborg Lan 2 679 kilograms; of
lor th . ? 2 631 kil°SramsI of Stockholm Lan 2 732 kilograms and
0Se Jamtland Lan 2 09-3 kilograms. These figures, however, cannot