T a b l e 124. Pilotage and Lighthouses in 1871 to 1911.
Annually
Pilo tin g s
Number
Pilo ta g e
Dues
Kronor
- P ilo t
Service
Ex p en d
itu r e !
Kronor
Casualtie
s a t
sea2
A t t h e e n d o f t h e p e r i o d
P ilo t
S ta tio
n s
L ig h thouse
S ta tions
P ilo t
Staff®
L ig h thouse
Sta ff
Yalue of
Materiel *
Kronor
1871—80 . . 45080 674 627 1032 201 183 144 85 856 235 6133 491
1881—90 . . 28 639 617 905 1 337 350 208 135 241 780 361 8 429 081
1891—00 . . 38620 856 216 1583 033 216 131 312 939 414 10 310 218
1901—05 . . 44 859 1 048 507 1 815 620 235 124 320 880 417 ■ l 195172
1906—10 . . 46 062 1 183 240 1 875 423 212 117 331 841 465- 11 973 899
1911 . . . . 47 393 1256720 1796 062 203 117 347 842 448 12 059 595
1 Inclusive of expenses for life-saving. — 3 On the coasts of Sweden. — 3 Subordinate
officers and servants, inclusive of those servants (32 in 1911) who belong both to the pilot
and the lighthouse service. — * Exclusive of the value of the boats belonging to the members
of the staff personally.
lighthouse personnel are on the permanent establishment and are in
receipt of fixed salaries.
The light-ships on the East coast of Sweden are stationed out early in
the spring as the drift ice allows; they are withdrawn as soon as there is
serious risk of their becoming ice-bound. On the South and West coast
of Sweden, on the other hand, the lightships are sometimes allowed to remain
moored at their stations the whole year round. — The value of the
22 lightships was estimated in 1911 at 2 215 879 kronor.
The personnel at the Life Saving Stations in 1911 numbered 165
hands, besides 19 belonging, properly speaking, to the pilot and lighthouse
services. They are remunerated for each salvage operation.
• The whole entire pilot service is supported solely out of the “lighthouse and
beacon dues” (fyr- och bakmedlen) , th a t is, the dues paidTby ships leaving the
harbours for foreign ports, or entering them from abroad. These dues, at present
amount to 25 ore for every ton and for certain voyages according to the
tonnage certificate (mdtbrev), I n '1911 they yielded the total sum of 1 929 181
kronor.
The waterways in which official pilotage is prescribed are 2 200 in number,
and the sea-marks total 4 759. ||p jj The number of vessels that foundered in
1911 with a Government pilot on board was 28, but only in five cases was the:
pilot sentenced by the maritime court as responsible for the accident. S As to
the development of 'the pilot and lighthouse services since 1871, data are furnished
by Table 124.
In the 16 life-saving Stations in Sweden -7 lives were saved in 1911 and from
the very start altogether 1 861 lives.
In addition to the State life-saving stations above referred to, a few other such
stations have been established with the aid of voluntary contributions by a private
society for the saving of lives at sea. However, since 1907, when it was
started th a t Society, for all its rather expensive paraphernalia, has only succeeded
in saving three lives.
The Pilot Service supports entirely or partially no less than 27 schools' in
out-of-the-way stations, and in these schools instruction has been imparted to
222 children (1911).
Sweden has always been to the fore in the matter of lighthouse technique
and invention. Thus the first revolving light th a t is known to have existed
was erected at Marstrand, an -island off the west coast of Sweden. Another
Swedish in v e n tio n was the von Otter System for illuminating with^ different
intermittent lights certain sectors which contain shoals within their radius.
Of -Swedish origin is the Lindberg System of automatic rotators for producing
intermittent light in smaller lighthouses, whereby continual superintendence can
be dispensed with: this system is employed in inshore waterways almost all over
the-world. Finally a lamp for constant burning specially constructed for these
lighthouses, with petroleum, as an illuminant, was invented by a Swede.
In conclusion the reader’s attention must be directed to the Aga lighthouses
erected a few years ago, which have been rapidly disseminated throughout
the whole world, and to which such importance has been attached th a t their
inventor, the Swede G. Dalen, was in 1912 awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics.
These lighthouses may be said to be almost ideal: they do not require any
attendance, but bum automatically for a whole year. They are charged with
acetone gas accumulators, which are changed every year. By means of an ingenious
device, the “sun-valve” (solventil), they 'are extinguished at sunrise and
lighted at sunset automatically. They can be adjusted to a different number of
flashes of varying periods. These lighthouses are manufactured by the Gasaccu-
mulator Company at Stockholm, which is said also to have large branch factories
abroad.
Salvage and Diving.
Diving operations for salving the cargoes of shipwrecked vessels are
first recorded in Sweden in the latter part of the 17th century, when a
foreigner, F. A. von Treuleben, received a Royal license to transact diving
and salvage business. Subsequently (in 1692 and 1729) two diving companies,
as they were called, were started, whose charters were renewed
from time to time. These two companies succeeded in subsisting side by
side down to 1802, when they were amalgamated into one. The amalgamated
Company survived until 1831, though in the later years of its existence,
it was shorn of certain of-its privilegies. In the thirties attempts
were once more made to set on foot a chartered company, and a charter
for one was actually issued. However, diving operations soon passed into
the hands of private speculators.
The credit for having organized salvage work in Sweden is due chiefly
to Consul E. Liljewalch, who in 1869 founded the Neptun Salvage and D iving
Company, famous all over the world. The operations of the Company
are by no means confined to Sweden: they have been extended to
many parts of Europe and Africa. The Neptun Company has moreover
received offers of salvage business from America, although it has not been
in a position to avail itself of them.
The chief materiel of the Company consists at present of 10 salvage steamers,
8 stationary centrifugal pumps, 18 portable steam pumps, 2 motor pumps
actuated by electricity, 28 complete diving apparatus, 4 pontoons made of iron
cylinders, 2 prismatic iron pontoons, 4 wooden pontoons, 1 800 fathoms of nine-
inch steel cables, 200 fathoms of Galle’s chain, 100 fathoms of chain-cable, 42