attention has latterly been called, that the Swedish workman not seldom
lacks the desirable intensity in his labour, and that there is a want of proper
organization of the direction and management of the work.
The facts enumerated above will be enough to account for only few of
the branches of Swedish industry having succeeded in establishing an
export trade on a large scale. To remedy this drawback is the immediate
task set before industrial enterprise in the country at the present time, if
it is to attain those dimensions which alone can render it of the economic
importance desirable for the country as a whole. As has been pointed out
several times in the foregoing pages, the prospects of a realization of these
hopes seem brighter at present than in the past. As is well-known, the
chief basis of these hopes is the immense motor-power possessed by Sweden
in its many waterfalls (cf. below).
For administrative measures concerning industries and other branches
of employment other than agriculture, there is a central official department
called the Board o f Trade (Kommerskollegium) one of whose three
bureaus is intended for matters concerning the mining-industry, factories,
etc. The State also endeavours to promote the development of industries
by means of up-to-date educational establisments, partly for general technical
instruction (cf. p. I, 417) and also, in certain cases, by means of
special professional schools — the greater part of these, however, being
of a private character ■— an account of which will be found in their proper
sections in this book. The State also makes grants for exhibitions, etc.,
T able 70. Factory Industries in the Towns and in the Country Districts
of Sweden in 19121
Towns Factories Hands
Output in
thousands
of kronor
Towns Factories Hands
Output in
thousands
of kronor
Stockholm . . 774 29 048 178864 Halmstad . . 63 1307 10 529
G-othenbnrg. . 373 15133 106 541 Södertälje . . 44 1672 9812
Malmo . . . . 340 10 916 86 458 Lidköping . . 43 1138 8193
NorrkSping . . 179 8 509 50 790 Nyköping . . 45 1431 7 976
Halsingborg . 118 3 532 31970 Huskvarna . . 9 1739 7 672
Boris . . . . 101 4 933 28 252 Eslöv . . .' . 42 646 7 547
Gravle . . . . 145 4 233 26 370 Karlskrona . . 50 2158 7 365
Landskrona. . 68 1871 25152 Söderhamn . . 46 1340 7032
Vasterls . . . 54 2 857 23 072 Linköping . . 77 1215 6 810
Eskilstana . . 156 5151 21632 Falkenberg . . 19 353 6 334
Kristianstad . 40 1006 18 486 Uddevalla . . 39 1363 5 907
Kalmar . . . 53 1092 17 848 Yänersborg . . 26 1135 5410
J o n k o p in g . . 93 4290 17 562 Arvika. . . . 33 817 5 058
Örebro . . . . 102 2 888 17 130 Other towns . 1049 19 414 93 996
Ystad . . . . 49 765 15 909
Tralleborg . . 52 877 14788 Towns . . . . 4508 138 693 908544
Uppsala . . . 94 2317 14010 Country distr. 7 820 203 665 1152 249
Land . . . . 65 1714 13013 The whole
Karlstad . . . 67 1833 11056 kingdom . . 12 328 342 358 2 060 793
1 I t should be pointed out that, in many cases, large factory-industries are carried on in
the immediate neighbourhood of towns; this is the case, for example at Gothenburg, Sunds-
vall, etc.; in the above table, consequently, such industry is placed to the credit of the
country districts.
and gives stipendiums for journeys for the purpose of study, both to the
leaders of the industries and to the workmen. An account is given in a
special division in Part I of this work concerning the legislation aiming
at the protection of workmen against the inconveniences and dangers they
incur by their labour.
Annual sta tistic a l reports respecting the state of the various industries
of Sweden have long been issued by the Board of Trade. Unfortunately,
the execution of the work was, in earlier times, very defective, and no great
importance can be ascribed to the Swedish factory-statistics before the
year 1896 — after a special statistical bureau had been established in the
Board of Trade, with a sufficiently large staff, and after the supplying
of information to the national industrial-statistics had been made obligatory
by a Royal Rescript, dated November 13, 1896. The existing Swedish
factory statistics when compared with the corresponding statistics of
other countries have, in spite of undeniable shortcomings, above mentioned,
the merit of giving a y e a r 1 y survey of most .industries.
A large number of special associations have been formed for. the promotion
of Swedish industries. In addition to these, there exists a general
organization, Sveriges Industriforbund : (The Industrial Association of
Sweden), the aim of which is to combine the manufacturers, etc., of the
country and the associations of the various branches of industry, for the
purpose of protecting their common interests and, more especially, of directing
the attention of the Government authorities to the needs of industry.
At the present moment the Industrial Association embraces 371 factories,
employing a total of 114 000 hands (end 1914).
In drawing up here the list of the various branches of industry, the
division is employed that is made use of in the official factory-statistics,
against which, it is possible, criticisms respecting details may be made,
but which have the great merit of being connected with that employed
for the last four decades in the commercial-statistics, a fact which of
course, facilitates comparisons between the manufactures, the imports and
the exports.
Before proceeding to a detailed account of the manufacturing industries,
some words may be said here respecting one of the most important factors
for the industries of the country in general, viz., the Swedish waterfalls.
Waterfalls of Sweden.
Sweden is, with regard to the supply of water power, one of the countries
in Europe which Nature has most favoured. It is true that reliable
data as to the measure of Sweden’s water-power are still lacking, but a
rough estimate has given the result of 1 0 million horse-power,. available
during from six to nine months of the year. Another estimate -has led to
a final figure of 6 s/4 -million turbine horse-power, available during nine
months of the year. Full certainty in this respect can obviously not be