Beet-pulp is the practically sugar-free beet-shreds which remain after diffusion,
and constitutes from 40— 50 % of the total weight of the beet; it forms a much
esteemed cattle-fodder, which is usually sold at a very low price to the beet-
growers.
According to a fairly new method of sugar-extraction — the so-called Steffen’s
boiling-method — a certain percentage of the sugar of the beet is allowed to
remain in the beet-pulp, which, when dried, is termed sugar-shred and has a
much greater value aB a cattle fodder than ordinary beet-pulp. A comparison
between the three food-stuffs shows that for one fodder-unit there is required
12'5 kg of fresh beet-pulp, 1 '5 of dried pulp, tt-js kg of molasses and l.s kg of
dried sugar-shreds.
Sugar Refineries..
Some of the sugar refineries are directly connected with one or more
raw sugar factories; all of them, as a rule, prepare only Swedish raw
sugar; moreover, the improved technical processes of recent years have
rendered it possible to rectify the beet juice direct, so that, after boiling,
it yields a product equal in quality to refined sugar, termed “meli$”, or
coarse loaf-sugar. Sugar of this kind is, however, manufactured at only
one factory, namely at Hasslarp, which must therefore be regarded as
both a raw sugar factory and a refinery. Table 75 shows the number
of sugar refineries in Sweden and their output.
Out of these ten refineries there were eight situated in towns, notably at:
Stockholm, Norrkoping, Lidkoping, Gothenburg, Halsingborg, Lands-
krona, Lund, and Ystad; the remaining two are located in the country, in
Skane, namely at Hasslarp and Arlov. With this year (1914) the refineries
at Norrkoping, Halsingborg, Lund, and Hasslarp are stopped owing to
changes in the customs tariffs (cf. below).
As the bulk of the sugar treated in the refineries nowadays is beet sugar, the
treacle obtained can scarcely be used in cooking but must be utilized in the
same way as white beet molasses. Only the treacle obtained in refining cane
sugar is fit for human food, and treacle of this kind is, in fact, nowadays
imported in great quantities, particularly from England and America. The ordinary
qualities of sugar used for consumption are: refined sugar (raffinad) occurring
in the form of loaf, lump, and granulated sugar, and brown sugar (farina), which
Tablé 75. Sugar (Refineries,
Annually
(Working year)
Number
of
refineries
Number
of
workmen
Refined Sugar Treacle and molasses
Total
thousands
quintals thousands of kronor
of kronor quintals thousands
of kronor
1896-00 . ., 2499 801613 42 005 46174 288 42 293
1901—05 . . 9 2 641 967125 50 009 54 628 302 50 811.
1906—10 . . 10 3077 1187 300 61445 65 441 419 61864
1910 (1910/11) 10 2 759 1298 085 69 954 88947 588 70542
1911(1911/12) 10 2 682 1231 630 72 475 100 865 1171 73646
1912(1912/13) 10 1 347 916 115 375
Remark. Regarding working year, see explication Table 74.
resembles the “powdered sugar” (pudersocker) formerly in general use in Sweden,
which consists of the raw sugar obtained in the preparation of the juice from
the sugar cane.
The d u ty on sugar and treacle has been subject to considerable fluctuations.
For many_ years prior to the introduction of the tax on consumption (lcon-
sumtionsskaU) the duty on refined sugar was 33 ore per kilogram, 23 x/a ore
for raw sugar, and 10 ore for treacle. As a result of the introduction of the
tax on consumption, imported sugar was made liable to a tax as well as duty,
and the aggregate amount of both was lowered from 33 to 30 ore for refined
sugar. Out of .this amount 17 ore was the duty and 13 ore the tax; for raw
sugar the tax was the same as for refined, but the duty was only 1 1 ’76 ore per
kilogram, no tax was levied on treacle, and the duty was 10 ore, as before.
At the end of the year 1913, the tax on sugar was 16 ore and the duty
on refined sugar 14 ore, on raw sugar 9 ore; treacle was exempt from the tax,
but was subject to a duty of 10 ore. For 1914 onwards, the tax on sugar has
been fixed at 16 ore, as before; the duty on refined sugar has been fixed at
11 ore, on raw sugar at 8 ore; treacle is still to be exempt from the tax, but
the duty on it has been lowered to 5 ore a kilogram.
The tax on sugar during the last years has yielded the following amounts:
Kr.
190 8 ........................... .................................................... 14 469 097
1909 ............................................................................... 16 979 051
1910 . . . ............................................................... 17 458297
1911 ............................................................................... 19 888138
1 9 1 2 . ........................................................................... 17 962 981
1913 ............................ 1......................... 20941622
Sweets, Chocolate, and Coffee Substitutes.
Instead of coffee-beans, there are employed substitutes of different kinds, for
instance: roasted, grain and malt, with or without the addition of sugar or
treacle, the roasted root of eichorium intybus, the roasted root of the dandelion,
or roasted beet. Malmo is the chief centre of the manufacture of sweets,
chocolate, and coffee substitutes, for, while the total value of the manufacture
of these commodities in 1912, in the whole of Sweden, was 20 980 000 kronor,
no less than 4 746 000 kronor was the value of the manufacture at Malmo
alone. The total number of factories of this class in Sweden in 1912 was 109,
employing 2 494 hands. Cocoa beans are imported mainly via Hamburg; crushed
or powdered cocoa principally from Holland.
(By the way it may here be noted that the produce of the coffee-roasting
works in Sweden during 1912 represented an output value of 5 776 000 kronor.)
Spirit Production.
For the production of spirits use is made principally of potatoes, although
grain of all kinds is used as well and, also, although to a less
extent, molasses and the sugar-beet. Of the ordinary cereals employed
in the manufacture of spirits the first place is occupied by rye, barley,
and meslin, the most important of them being barley, which, as a rule, is
employed for the manufacture of malt. In years when the potato-crop
was a poor one, maize used to be imported to supply the demands of the