Supervisory Board to conduct examinations and to assist in the execution
of certain work in the engineers departments. A hoard consisting of five
or seven members is appointed for each school by the local town council;
the director is appointed hy the Government and the regular and
extra teachers hy the Supervisory Board. The provisions of the law regarding
the right of civil servants to a pension apply to the pensioning of
directors and regular teachers. The teaching staff is paid from State
funds, but the school premises and dwellings for the directors are found
hy the respective communes. Other expenses are covered by State grants
and hy the pupils’ fees, which vary from 8 to 30 kronor.
A course preparatory to passing the navigation teacher’s examination, which
is required of directors and regular teachers in the navigation department, is
arranged every other year at Stockholm, at the beginning of September. The
course comprises mathematics, physics, mechanics, theory of deviation, nautical
meteorology, theoretical and practical astronomy, terrestrial and astronomical
navigation. Regular teachers in the engineers department must have gone
through the department for machine construction and mechanical technology ¡'of-
the Technical High School, or some other equivalent course.
Pupils in the mates class at the navigation school must have served on deck
on a sailing vessel and steamer in a certain trade for 42 months, and pupils in
the skippers class for 36 months. Pupils in the second engineers class must
have served as assistant to the engineer on a steamship and as machineTand
boiler workman in a mechanical work for a total of 48 months, and pupils [in
the 3rd engineers class for 30 months. These pupils must pass an entrance
examination in Swedish and arithmetic, while pupils in the mates class must*
also pass in algebra and geography. Pupils in the masters class must possess a
mate’s certificate, while pupils in the first engineers class must have obtained
an engineer’s certificate of the second class and have subsequently served for
24 months as engineer on a steamship in a certain trade. All pupils must
possess a medical certificate that they have good hearing, while pupils in the
navigation department must also possess a certificate that their sight is good
and that they are not colour blind.
The instruction begins at the various schools, in the mates classes on the.
1st and 15th of August and on the 1st of September, in the second engineers
classes on the 1st and 15th of August, in the first engineers classes on the 1st
and 15th of September, in the masters classes on the 1st and 15th of September
and on the 1st of October, in the skippers and 3rd engineers classes ion
the 7 th of January.
The courses extend, in the mates class over about 9 months, in the musters
and second engineers class 8 months, in the first engineers class 7 months,
in the skippers and 3rd engineers class 3 months.
The instruction comprises, in the masters class: mathematics, physics, mechanics,
navigation, shipbuilding, applied mechanics, seamanship, the Swedish and
English languages, law, hygiene and bandaging; in the first engineers class:
physics, mechanics, applied mechanics, machine drawing, electricity, the Swedish
and English languages, hygiene and bandaging. In the other classes certain of
these subjects are omitted.
The examinations are partly written and partly oral. Papers are set for
the former by the inspector, with the assistance of the above-mentioned experts,
as far as the first and second engineers classes are concerned. In order to obtain
the right to undergo the oral examination all pupils must have passed
the written examination in mathematics, while pupils in the navigation department
must also have passed in navigation, and pupils in the 1st and 2nd engineers
class in physics and mechanics.
To obtain the right to command sailing vessels of a certain tonnage on inland
waters and in the Baltic, there is, further, an examination at the navigation
school for skippers of the second class. Persons taking this examination however
do not receive instruction at the navigation school.
In the educational year 1911—12, when the regulations of June 6th 1890
were still in force, 160 candidates passed the masters examination, 184 the
mates examination, 133 the chief engineers examination and 116 the engineers
(second engineers) examination.
Maritime Legislation.
On June 12, 1667, a Swedish maritime law was passed, which, based on
Dutch ordinances and subsequently supplemented by amongst other things.
— certain sections of the regulations for merchant captains and sailors of March
30,a! 7-18, as well as the insurance and damage ordinances of Oct. 2, 1750, was.
aotl entirely abrogated until two hundred years later. The maritime law then
passed (Feb. 23, 1864) was founded upon the main principles of the law it was
to replace, but was supplemented according to the requirements of the time by
profiting -by more recent legislation in foreign countries. This was succeeded,
onmJune 12, 1891, by the maritime law now in force, which came into operation;
from the year 1892 inclusive, and which was drafted after collaboration
with Norwegian and Danish delegates, and this less oh account of the necessity
for amendments in the law of 1864, than owing to an endeavour to secure-
uniformity in the maritime legislation of the Scandinavian countries.
Swedish maritime legislation, except for the part exlusively or mainly belonging
to civil law and included in the maritime law, has furthermore found
expression in a multitude of statutes passed by the Government.
A— vessel is considered to be Swedish, either when at least two-thirds of it
are i owned by Swedish . subjects, or when it belongs to a joint-stock company
whose board sits in Sweden and is composed of shareholders who are Swredish
subjects.
Every Swedish man or woman has the rig h t to own ships for both home and
foreign shipping. When several persons are owners of a ship, a principal owner
must always be selected among them, who must always be a Swedish citizen
and domiciled in Sweden.
A. shipowner is personally responsible with all his property for the liabilities
h e ,, personally or through some other person, assumes in respect to the vessel,
as well as for the claims of the crew in virtue of the hiring-agreements and
contracts of service which the master of the vessel has entered into. For all
other claims the owner is responsible only and solely to the extent of the vessel
and cargo. When there are several owners of a vessel, each one is personally
responsible only in proportion to his share in the vessel.
Of all Swedish vessels intended for the merchant service or the conveyance-
of passengers and having a tonnage of 20 register tons or more, a register is
kept. This registration is centralized at the Board of Trade. After registration
has been effected a certificate of nationality and registration is issued, which,,
together with a muster-roll, are the papers a Swedish vessel going to foreign
ports carries on board in order to prove its nationality. A vessel of 20
register tons burden or more, which has been registered, can be mortgaged
for claims, which gives the creditor mortgagee-rights in the vessel. Mortgages