It is also necessary for Sweden to import considerable quantities of
these articles as well, while the export is much less. The chief import
is petroleum (lainp-oil), in 1912 to a value of 14-6 million kronor. (Mine-
ral-oils to a total value of 22-2 million kronor.) Then come fatty oils and
tallow to a value of 23'7 millions, about half going to the margarine factories.
The import of paraffine amounts to 837 000 kronor: india-rubber
to 14-2 millions, and oil-cakes to 23-4 millions, of which further details are
given below. The chief exports are tar (524 000 kronor), galoshes and
other india-rubber goods (6-17 millions). The total exports within this
group amounted to 10-5 million kronor in 1912.
F a tty Oils.
The only fatty oils Sweden produces on a large scale are: linsecd-oil and
rape-oil. They are derived from the corresponding seeds by means of pressure.
The leavings, after the process of pressing is completed, aré used in the form
of oil-cakes, or ground as food-stuffs for cattle. Fish-oil was produced from
herring about the year 1890, when large shoals visited the west coast, in connection
with the production of herring-guano, though now the production is only
exceptional. The herring was boiled in water, when the fat rose to the surface
and was skimmed. What was left was pressed, and a new quantity of oil
obtained and more or less refined, before being placed on the market. The
refuse left in the press was then dried for herring-gauno (See under section:
Artificial Fertilizers). Train-oils are also produced, chiefly as a home industry'
in connection with seal-shooting.
The total, number of factories belonging to this group amounted in 1912 to
20, with 196 workmen and a production-value of 9 641 000 kronor, of which
amount 5 198 000 kronor were for 70 295 quintals of linseed- and rape-oil, and
3 399 000 kronor for 276 948 quintals of oil-cake. — Fatty oils are used to a
large extent in making hard and soft soap, stearine candles, oil-colours, and varnishes.
The manufacture of oils and oil-cakes does not nearly cover the demand
of the country. The import is consequently considerable, as may be seen from
Table 87.
T able 87. Import o f Linseed and Eape-seed, Fatty Oils and Tallows,
Oil-cakes, and Train-oil.
A n n u a l l y
Linseed and
rape-seed
kronor
F atty oils and
tallows
kronor
Oil-cakes
kronor
Train-oil
kronor
1871—8 0 ............................................ 1340 000 2 526 000 1168000
1881—90 ............................................ 1695 000 3 746 000 1891—95 ............................................ 2 580 000 385 0001 2 312 000 4 737 000 3 279 000 516 000 1896—00 .................................... 2 718 000 7 019 000 4 268000 539 000 1901—05 ............................................ 5 501 000 7 674 000 9 736 000 555 000 1906—10 ........................................ 5 557 00fr 13 447 000 16 812 000 503000
1910................................................... 5 956 000 22 860 000 17 868 000 688 000 1911.................................................... 7 182 000 20388 000 20 369 000 580000 1912............................................ 7227 000 23 715 000 23 382 000 518 000 1913.................................................... 9 028 000 22 706 000 20 904 000 569 000
1 The figure 385 000 kronor expresses the average for the years 1886 90.
In greater detail, the import of linseed during 1913 amounted in value to
8 663 000 kronor, rape- and colza-seed to 365 000 kronor; linseed-, rape- and
colza-oil to 226 000 kronor; and sweet or olive-, hemp-, palm-, cotton-, soya-
and maize-oil etc. to 5 842 000 kronor; arachide- and sesame oil (chiefly for the
manufacture of margarine) to 2 475 000 kronor; cocoa-nut oil (also chiefly for
manufacture of margarine) to 9 881 000 kronor; all in barrels. In other vessels,
to 34 000 kronor. The large increase in the import of oils beginning with
1910 — the import-value rose all at once to 7 million kronor was due to
the increase in the use of cocoa-nut oil in the margarine industry (See: The
Margarine Industry). The export of fatty oils and tallows in 1913 only amounted
to a value of 944 000 kronor.
Mineral Oil.
Mineral oil is generally imported in a refined form as petroleum (lamp oil),
benzine, and lubricating oils, but some is also refined in Sweden itself. There
are no sources of mineral oils in Sweden. It was the two brothers L. and R.
Nobel, themselves Swedes, who established the Russian petroleum industry, on
the peninsula of Apscheron, in the Caspian Sea. Under their management, this
Eussian industry has developed to such an extent that it can compete with the
American in certain branches.
The import in 1913 was:
Tons Kronor
15 346 1535 000
1 513 182 000
120 476 16 867 000
22 373 3 765 000
15 414 4 932 000
4 809 577 000
Total 179 931 27 858 000
Crude petroleum
Petroleum refuse
Lamp oils . . .
Lubricating oils
Benzine . . . .
Other oils . . .
In 1912 most of the crude oil and petroleum refuse came from Austria and
Kussia, of the petroleum (lamp oil) 72 % from America, 1 % from Eussia (chiefly
for compressed air-lamps, such as the ‘‘Lux”), via Danmark, 18 %, and via Germany
'5 ’/. etc. The lubricating oils came chiefly from America, Eussia, and Germany,
in the last-mentioned case probably chiefly as transit shipments. Benzine came
from the Netherlands, from Germany — most likely from raw material received
from the Sunda Islands and refined in Hamburg^—, and from America.
The following table, drawn up from official Swedish statistics, will serve to
show the import of petroleum (lamp oil) into Sweden:
Import Per annum Price
Annually in and inhabitant pr kg
quintals kg in ore
1871—75 66 707 1-5 36
1876—80 113 860 2'5 26
1881—85 .................... 182,294 4'0 20
1886—90 310 484 66 19
1891—95 .................... 449116 9’3 15
1896-00 622 710 1 13-6 I 15
1901—05 749 908 144 15
1906-10 988 837 185 15
1910 1013 786 18-3 13
1911 .............................. 1181176 21-3 11'5
1912 ............................... 1040442 18-6 14
1913 1 1204 759 21-4 14