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poses of the tanner. In England, the hemlock spruce forms one of the most
ornamental of the fir family; being among needle-leaved evergreen trees what
the weeping willow is among the willows. As it bears the knife, and is ex.
tremely hardy, it might be employed as hedges ; for which purpose it is used
in the American nurseries, along with the Thùja^ occidentàlis. Seeds are
annually imported, and even produced by old trees in this country.
E. Native o f Nepal.
Î U. A. DUMo'sA. The bushy A/pine Spruce Fir,
Synonymes. P in u s dumósa Lamb. P in . ed.2.,
1. t. 46.; A'bies Brunonit^na Lindl. in Penn.
Cyc. vol. i. No. 9. ; P. decidua Wall. MS. ; P .
Brunonidwa Wall. Plant As. ra r. 3. p. 24.
, Engravings. Lamb. P in ., ed. 2., 1. t. 46. ; Wall.
Plant As. ra r., 3. t 247. ; and our * s . 1936.
and 1937.
Spec. Char., f r . Leaves solitary, linear,
obtuse, mostly on one side of the
branches ; glaucous beneath, denticulated.
Cones ovate, terminal, solitary
; bracteoles wedge-shaped, plicate,
emarginate, glabrous. (Lamb.)
Leaves f in. long. Cones, scales,
and seeds scarcely different from
those of A. canadénsis. A dense
and very bushy tree, with the appearance
of A. canadensis. Nepal.
1936. A. d«m6.a. Height 7 0 ft. to 8 0 ft. Introd. 1 838.
Otlwr Species o f A 'b ie s .-A . Mc-tcnsiina Bong, and A. sitchénsis Bong. «
mentioned by M. Bongard in his observations on the Island of Sittaa, on k
west coast of North Ainerica, in N. lat. 57°, as indigenous there. The aitide
is quoted in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 2d ser., tom. m. p. 237,,
but no description is given. A. trìgona, A . heterophylla A. aromatica b.
microphi/lla, A. obliquata, and A . falcàta are mentioned by Rafinesque as beiii,
found in the Oregon country ; but, as he gives no description of these tree.,
it is uncertain whether they belong to A'bies or rticem The same observations
will apply to A. hirtélla Humboldt et Kunth Nov. Gen. et Sp. Plant pl. 2.
p. 5 ., of which nothing is known either of the flowers or cones ; to A
K oem p fè r ïia a iA . Thunb'ergà, mentioned by Thunberg ; and to A. Morn. A
Toràno. and A. Araràgi, enumerated by Sieboldt m Yerhand. Batav. Genootd.,
xii. p. 12., as quoted in Pen. Cyc.
G e n u s III.
1937. A . duraòsa.
PI'CEA D . Bon. T h e S i l v e r F i e . Linn. Syst. Monoe'cia Monadélphia,
1 Lamb. F in .Identification. D- Don MS. w ta ed. 2. vol. 2. ; /»«
Sunonvmes. Pin u s I.m . in part ; P in u s sect. P eùce D. Do« ^
L in k , Nees von Esenbeck, and Ledebour; A'bies D u Rot, in d n ^ ‘°L d I k e J r L»esfòngcha^
DDeerriivvaattiioonn.. , 1F-rroomm pix, ppnit.cchn ;; tmhee *ciecee Pprioudauuccimugg a b u n d ^ ^ ^ ' T f r . f r ' f r S è t ' JP ilrSMÌ -t f v i «
observes that the silver fir was called by the ancients Abies, and
Linnæus has created much confusion by reversing the application of th e names. JJ® ^5
therefore, to call the silver fir A'bies véra, and the spruce fir A'bies Pícea.
note.) Link has divided the spruces and silver firs into two genera, and Ghi
of Píc ea to the first genus, and A'bies to the second (see Abhcmd. Akad.
1827 p. 157.) ; and in this he has been followed by Nees von Esenbeck and Ledebour. W
followed Lambert and D . Don, as already stated under A'bies, p. 102o.
Gen. Char. The same as in Pinus and .4'bies, but differing in having the conK
erect. Strobile cylindrical, with its carpels not thickened at the tip. m
carpels and bracteas separate from the axis of the strobile. The leaver are
obviously 2 -ranked in direction.
Leaves simple, 2-ranked, exstipulate, evergreen; linear. Flowers yellowish
-T re e s , natives of Europe, Asia, and North America, generally in re rio ?
more temperate than those in which the species of spruce abound. Remarkable
for the regularity and symmetry of their pyraiíidal heads ; readily
distinguished from the genus A'bies, by their leavri being more decidedR
tet r Y l having the scales deciduous!
and by the seeds being irregular in form. The nucleus of the seed is ex!
posed at the inner angle, through a considerable opening in the outer testa
as if the junction of the two sides had been ruptured by the rapid enlarge-’
ment of the nucleus. (D. Don.) In Britain,' with the exception of P
pectinata, they are solely to be considered as ornamental trees.
The species in British gardens may be thus arranged ; —
A. Natives o f Europe, Siberia, and the XTorth-west o f Asia.
1. pectinàta. 3. Pinsápo. 5 , pidita
2 . cephalônica. 4. Nordmanmanoe.
B. Natives o f North America.
6 . balsàmea. 7 . Fràseri.
C. Natives o f California.
8 . gràndis. 9. amábilis. 10. nóbilis. IL bracteàta.
D. Natives o f Mexico.
1 2 . religiosa. 1 3 . hirtélla.
E. Natives o f Nepal.
14. Webbidiia. là. pindrow.
A. Natives o f Europe, Siberia, and the North-west o f Asia.
1 1. P . p e c t i n a ' t a . The Comb-Iike-fflnred Silver Fh-,
•yuunynK». A'bies of PHny ; P ìn u s P ic e a L in . Sp. P l. 1420. : P A'bies D u Boi 1-Tavhh a/i p^**
t. 2 p. 133. ; A'bies àlba Mill. Diet. No. ; A. Pùxi fòlio Tàurn l l f . ¿ t é ' ' ) p H r
f i r . ; weiss
.Ti-ioa T T>AZ/Jto uciuauuc,toJ O ltc/ 1 i . , AUCLB argeUCinO,
EEngravings,»Cra»*6.^ Lamb. Pm.,au i., cu. .6., i.
t 40.;in . N TT Du TX® Ham..Tr_. ’ . vol. iii.; our/g'.......................................................
6. t..
82.j the plate ot this speclea h, Arb.
Brit., 1st edit., v 39. o fth e natura l size, a n d /g . 1938. to our usual scale.
Spec. Char., fr ._ Leaves U.OCAVVO 0V.solitary,XXL0 1^, flat,UHL, uinust;obtuse ; 2-2 -ranKea,ranked, witli with tiieir their points
mes axillarv. rvlinflripiil oriAnf. enolzxc ^ i t_... i
turned up. Cones axillary, cylindrical, erect; scales with a long dorsal
bractea. Anthers with a short crest, with two teeth. Buds short eo-v-
shaped, blunt ; of a reddish yellow, with from 16 to 2 0 blunt scales. Leaves
from ¿in. to 1 in. long, stiff, turned up at the points; of a shining dark
green above, and with two lines of silvery white on each side of the midrib
beneath. Cones from Gin. to Sin. long, and from U in . to 2 in. broad •
cylindrical ; green when young, afterwards reddish, and when ripe brown!
Scale ¿in. to l¿in. long, and l¿in. broad. Seeds variously angular ¿-in
long, and ^ in- broad. Cotyledons 5. A lofty tree. Central E^rSpe!
and the West and North of Asia; rising on mountains to the commencement
of the zone of the Scotch pine. Height 80 ft. to 1 0 0 ft., rarely 150 ft
Introduced in lOOxS. The blos.soms appear in May, and the cones are matured
in the October of the following year.
Varieties.
i P . p . 2 tortuósa Booth.—Branches and branchlets remarkably twisted
or crooked.
Í V. p . 3 fdliis variegatis. — Leaves variegated.
I V .p .i à n è r e a . Pinus Pícea cinèrea Baum. Cat. td. 1835. A low
plant with greyish bark, not yet introduced.
The silver fir is the noblest tree of its genus in appearance, and the only
species worthy of cultivation in Britain for its timber. The rate of growth