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' I l i F
ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.
table fences; and it has this great advantage over deciduous-leaved trees and
shrubs, th a t it is seldom liable to be attacked by in sec ts; and, if shorn, the
outer surface becomes impenetrable even to birds, who cannot build their nests
in it. The wood is almost as white as ivory, except in the centre of very
old trupks, where it is somewhat brown. I t is very hard, with a fine gram,
susceptible o f a high degree of polish, and is readily stained with black, green,
blue, o r red. I t weighs, when dry, a t the rate of 47 lb. 7 oz. per cubic foot.
Tlie veins o f the wood, and its annual layers, are so small as scarcely to be
perceptible. I t is applied to a great many purposes, in joinery, cabinet-making,
and tu rn e ry ; in engineering, in matheraatical-instrumont-making; and it is
even used for wood-engraving. The bark affords birdlime, which is prepai'cd
by boiling and evaporation. Thediolly attains the lai’gest size in a: rich pindy
loam ; but it will grow, and even thrive, on almost any soil, provided it is not
overcharged with moisture. As its seeds, like those o f th e hawthorn, do not
come up tlie first year, to save ground and tlie expense o f weeding, th e berries
are commonly buried in the soil, or kept mixed up in a heap of earth for
one y e a r; after which, if sown in autumn, they will come up the following
June. The varieties are propagated by budding and grafting. These o p e rations
are performed a t th e usual times, and in th e usual manner ; but it has
been observed by Tschoudi, th a t cleft-grafting does n o t succeed nearly so
well with th e holly as whip-grafting or budding. In England, th e stocks
budded o r grafted on are generally o f four or five years’ g row th ; and the
grafting is effected in March, and the budding in July. The variegated kinds
are also propagated by cuttings, which are made in autumn, o f th e ripened
summer shoots. They are [ilanted in sandy soil, in a shady border, and covered
with hand-glasses; and they generally p u t forth roots the following spring.
Holly hedges should never be clipped, because, when th e leaves are cut
through the middle, they are rendered unsightly ; and th e shoots should
therefore be cut with a knife close to a leaf. The proper season for cutting
would appear to be ju s t after the leaves have attained maturity ; because
a t tha t season, in the holly, as in the box, th e wound is comparatively soon
obliterated by the healing over produced by th e still abundant sap.
t 2 . I. (A .) b a u e a ' r io a Desf. The Minorca Holly.
Identification. Desf. Arb., 2. p. 2 62.; D o n ’s Mill., 2. p. 17.
Synonymes. I . jiquifblium var. § L a in . Diet. 3. p. 1-45.; I . made-
rensis Willd. E n um . Sujipl. 8. according to Link.
E n g ra vin g . O u r ß g . 223.
Sjiec. Char., 4c. Leaves ovate, acute, flat, shining,
entire or spiny-toothed. Umbels axillary, few-
flowered, short. (Don's Mill.) An evergreen low
tree. Minorca and Madeira. Height 10 ft. to 20 ft.
in England ; in Madeira 60 ft. to 80 ft. Introduced
in 1744. Flowers w h ite ; May and Ju n e. Drupe
scarlet ; ripe in December. Decaying leaves yellow,
dropping in Ju n e and July.
A very distinct variety of th e common holly, readily
distinguished a t sight, by its yellowish green leaves,
which are sharply acuminated, hut very slightly waved
a t th e edges, and with few prickles. I t is propagated hy
budding or grafting on the common holly.
223. /. (ri.) b.iUt&iiüa
i 3. I . o p a ' c a Ait. The opaque-feat’crf, or American, Holly.
Identification. Ait. H o rt. Kew, 1. p. 177. i Dec. P ro d ., 2. p. 14.; D o n ’s Mill 2. p. 17.
Synonymes. /4g ri» liu iu vulgare Clayt. Fior. P irgm . ; I lex /IquilNluin O rm o v . and IFalt. Fl.
Car. 241.; dunkelblättrigo Stechpalme, Ger. ; Ag rllo lio a lo g lie dl Quercia, Ita l.
Engravings. T h e plate o f th e species in Arb. B rit., 1st edit., vol. v . ; and oar fig . 2'24.
Spec. Char., 4c. Leaves ovate, flat, coriaceous, acute, toothed in a scalloped
manner, spiny, and glabrous, but not glossy. Flowers scattered, a t the
base of only those branches th a t are a year old. Teeth o f the calyx acute.
Sexes dioecious. (Dec. Prod.) A beautiful evergreen low tree. Canada
to Carolina. Height in England 10 ft. to 20 ft. ; in Carolina 00 ft. to 80 ft.
Introduced in 1744. Flowers white ; May and June. Drupe scarlet ; ripe
in December, remaining on the trees all the winter.
I aiiDy.^^ 2laxijl0ra, I . laxiflòra Lam., I . opaca var. Nutt., has the flowers
on loosely branched peduncles, and the drupe yellow. Introducea
in 1811. Several o th e r varieties are mentioned by Kalinesque.
n Y ' z
2 2 4 . XMox opàca.
In America, this siiecies is applied to all the uses which
the common holly is in Europe. I t forms hedges ; is an
ornamental tree o r shrub in gardens; is employed tor
making birdlime ; and the wood is used m turnery and
cabinetniakiiig. Propagation as in the couimoii hollj'.
Vlex magcltónica (fig. 225.), of which there is a small
iilant in the H o rt. Soc, Garden, promises to be a very
luindsome species, and tolerably hardy, as it stood the.
winter oF 1837—8 against a wall.
B. Leavc.i toothed, serrated, or crenate, bui not spiny,
a 4. I. Pei lido Ait. The Perado Holly.
Identification. Ait. Ilo r t. Kew., 1. p. 169. ; D o n ’s Mill., 2, p. 17.
Stmom/me. J. mtidorènsis L am . Diet. S. p. ISO.
in g m v in g s . N .D u I lnm ., v .t .3 5 .; Bot. Cab., t. ,549., ; and o ur A ' - 226,
Spec. Char., 4c. Leaves ovate, with an entire acuiiieii,
or having very few teeth, shining. Umbels short, axillary,
few-flowered. (Don’s M ill.) An evergreen
shrub. Madeira. Height in England 5 ft. to 10 ft.
Introduced in 1700. Flowers white or reddish ; May
and June. Drupe large, red ; ripe m October.
Commonly treated as a green-house plant, b u t quite
hardv ill the Ilo r t. Soc. Ga rden; where, and also in se-
■ veral other places, it stood the winter of 1837-8, without
________ any protection, uninjured.
« 5. / . C a s s i n e Ait. The Cassine-*/«:, or broad-lcaved Dahoon, Holly
Identification. Ait. Ho rt. Kew., 1. p. 170. I Dec. Tro d ,, 2. p. 14. ; P u rsh F l. Am. Sep. 1. p. 117, ;
Don’s Miil., 2. p. ’?• , rt s i i • I ra ro lìn ià n a Mill. Dict. No. 3. ; X
Indiaus, U ffin .
Engravings. Catofib. Car., l . t . 3 1 .; and o a r ß g .2 1 1 .
22.*) I. magelUiiiiciv,