I P . 1 1 tortuósa Don of Forfar, — Leaves shorter than those of P,,,
vulgàris, and somewhat curled, or rather twisted.
Other Varieties. P. rotundàta, aud some other species which appear to
us to be varieties of P. sylvéstris, are described hy Link ; and P. hami'ita
and P. argèntea are described by Stevens, as given in Gard. Mag., vol.
X V . p. 224., bnt none of these kinds have yet been introduced. We miolit
also have included in the above list P . (s.) pumilio; but though wo li?
no doubt of its being only a variety of P. sylvéstris, yet it is so very dif.
ferent both in appearance and magnitude, that we llave kept it apart.
The weight of the wood of P. .sylvéstris varies according to its age anil
other circumstances. A cubic foot, in a green state, generally welgh.s from
54 Ih. to 74 Ib. ; and, iu a dry state, from 31 lb. to 41 lb. The wood is valiieil,
like that of every other pine, in proportion to its frceness from knots ; and it
is found that the knots of this species are much more easily worked, and mocli
less liable to drop out of flooring boards, than is the case with knotty boards
of the spruce or silver fir. The facility with which thc wood of the Scoldi
pine is worked occasions its employment in joinery and house carpentry, a|.
most to thc exclusion of every other kind of timber, wherever it can be pro-
cured. It is at once straight, light, and stiff; and, consequently, pcculiarlj
fitted for rafters, girders, joists, &c., which may be made of smaller dimensions
of this timber than of any other. In point of durability, if it is kept
dry, it equals the oak; more especially if it has been of slow growth, and is
resinous. As a timber tree, for planting in poor dry soils and in exposed
situations, none can excel the Scotch pine, and it is only equalled by tlm
larch. In Britain, it surpasses every other species of the pine and lir tribe
for sheltering other trees, with the exception of thc .spruce fir, which, being
of a more conical shape, admits more light and air to the heads of the trees
which arc to be drawn up by it. The Scotch pine is, however, altogether
unfit for giving shelter in single rows, unless the branches are allowed to remain
on from the ground upjwards, and the roots have free scope on every
side. Hence, this pine, like every other species of the tribe, is altogether
unfit for a hedgerow tree. When planted in narrow belts round fields for
shelter, it soon becomes unsightly, unless the trees stand so thin as to allow
of their being clothed with branches from the ground upwards. The true
situation for this tree, when grown for timber, is iu masses over extensive
surfaces. A granitic soil, it is generally allowed both by British and Continental
writers, is the most congenial to the Scotch pine ; and the sand and
gravel of the Forests of Rastadt and Haguenau are composed of thc debris
of this rock. It does not harden its wood well when growing on thc gran-
wacke ; and it is short-lived, and never attains a large size, on chalk. It will
grow and flourish in any kind of soil, from a sand to a clay, provided thc
substratum be rubble or rock ; but in wet tilly soils it ought never to be
planted ; because, whenever the roots have exhausted the upper soil, anil
begin to perforate tbe subsoil, thc tree languishes and dies. It is justly observed
by Mathews, that tlie natural location of the Scotch pine in poor sandy
soils does not result from these soils being best adapted Ibr it, but from the
seeds which are blown about by the winds rising readily in such soils, and thc
plants growing more vigorously in them than any otlier tree. Should any one
doubt this, he observes, let him make an excursion into Mar Forest, and there
he will find the Scotch pine in every descriyition of soil and situation, but
always thriving best in good timber soil ; and, in short, not differing very
materially, in respect to soil, from the sycamore, the elm, the oak, or the a.di.
The Scotch pine produces cones at the age of fifteen or twenty years ; nntl
every cone generally contains from 60 to I'oo seeds. Thc cones are gathered
ill the months of December and January, and laid in a dry loft, where they
will keep good for a year or two, if not wanted for sowing ; and whence they
may be taken in early spring, and exposed to the sun, or at any season, aud
slightly dried on a kiln, as already mentioned, p. 949.
« i 2. p . (s .) PUMI'I.IO Ilienhe. The dwarf, or Mountain, Pine.
Identification. Iltcnke IJeob,, 68. ; Lamb, Pin., cd. 2., 1. t. 2.
Sunouymcs. P. sylvéstris montàna y Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 1. 3. p. 36C. ; P. s. hùmilis y Neal ; P.
hùmilis, &c., Tourn. Inst. 580., L in k Abhand. p, 171. ; Pin iiam, Fr. ; Krumholz, Ger.
Engravings. Latnb. Pin., cd. 2., L t. 2. ; omfig . 1765. to our usual scale j and figs. 1763. and 1764.
of the natural size.
Spec. Char., S/<^. Brandies generally recumbent. Leaves short, stiff, somewhat
twisted ; thickly distributed over the branches, with long, lacerated,
woolly, white slieaths. Cones, wlien young, erect ; when mature, pointing
outwards. Buds ( /g . 1703.) ovate, blunt, resinous. Leaves {fig. n'OL e)
1763. 17f)4. I ' (s.) pumiiio. 1766.
from 2 in. to 2 ^ in. long; sheaths, at first, from ^ in. to If in. long, whitc
and lacerated ; afterwards falling off or shrinking to 4 in. or ^ in. long, and
becoming dark brown or black. Cones {d) from 1 a in. to 2 in. long, and
from ^in. to I in. broad; reddish or dark purplish brown when young, and
of a dull brown when mature. Scales (¿) and seeds (a) resembling those
of P. sylvéstris, but smaller. Cotyledons 5 to 7. A large spreading bush,
or low tree. Europe, on mountains. Iieight 1 0 ft. to 20 ft. Introduced
in 1779. Flowering and rijiening its cones at the same time as thc Scotch
pine, when in a similar locality.
Varieties.
t t ¥
t t Î
P. (.7.) p . 2 ruhroefiôra. — Flowers red.
P. (.9.) p . 3 Fischeri Booth, Lodd. Cat. cd. 1836, Lawso-ris Man.
p. 333.— in the shoots and foliage, it bears so strong a resemblance
to P. (s.) pumilio, that we doubt very much if it even merits to be
considered as a variety ofthat species. Introduced
in 1832. H. S.
P. {s.) p . 4 Miighus. P. s. Mtigho Matt.
Camer. ; P. montàna Baum. Cat. ; P. Mùgho
Jacq., Poir., and N. Du Ham. v. p. 233.
t. 6 8 . (onr/gfi. 1766. and 1767., thc latter
showing the cone, seed, scale, and sheath of
leaves, of the natural size) ; P. echinàta
Hort. ; P. uncinàta Bamond in Dec., Lodd.
Cat. ed. 1836; the Mngho wild Pine; Pin
Muglio, Torchepin, Pin suffis, Irin crin, Pin
du Briançonnais, Pin de Montagne, Fr. ;
Bergfichte, Ger. ; Miighi, Hal.—This variety
is included by Aiton and others in the preceding
one; but, having seen both sorts
bearing cones, we are satisfied that they are
distinct, though they bear so close a resemblance
to each other in foliage and habit,