ro o ts ; and if from th e slioots one is selected to form th e future tre e, and the
others carefully rubbed off, th e tre e will advance at as rapid a rate as if it had
been sown where it was intended finally to remain ; and, m cases where the
subsoil is bad, much more so. . . , .
In th e future cnlture o f th c oak, th e trees generally require side-pninmg
when th e object is a straight clean tru n k . As most ol th e siiecies grow erect,
th e hardier 'deciduous kinds are well adapted for hedgerows ; but, as many
o f th e American kinds are comparatively tender, they are most advantageously
cultivated in masses. Th e group /'le x forms excellent evergreen hedges, and
most o f the species belonging to it endure th e sea bi'ceze. I h e Nejlal species,
as far as tliey have hitherto heen introduced, require, oven m th e climate of
London, th e protection o f a wall.
We have arranged th e species in th c following groups : —
A. Lcaves dedduous.
A. Natives o f Europe,
S i. /io'BUB. British Oaks. Leaves lobed and sinuated ; dying o ff o f a
yellowish or russe t brown. Bark rough. Buds ovate. Fructification annual.
Culis imbricate. .
ÿ ii. C'e Ti r i s . T urk ey Oaks. Leaves lobed and sinuated, or d e n ta te d ; m
some varieties sub-evergreen ; always dying oft' o f a dirty w hite. Bark rough.
Buds furnished with linear stipules. Fructification biennial. Cups echi-
nate, ramentaceous, o r scaly-squarrose.
B. Natives o f North America.
4 iii. A 'lb æ . White Oaks. Leaves lobed and sinuated ; dying off more or
less shaded with a violet colour. Bark white, and scaling off in thin laminæ.
Fructification annual. Cup imbricate or echinate. N u t oblong, generally large.
4 iv. P r i 'n u s . Chestnut Oaks. Lcaves d entate ; dying o ff'o f a dirty white,
o r o f a rich yellowish orange. Bark white, rough, and scaling off. Fructification
annual. Cup imbricate. N u t ovate, ra th e r large.
4 V R u 'b ræ . Bed Oaks. Lcaves lobed, sinuated, and deeply cut, mucro-
nated ; dying off o f a deep red, scarlet, o r purple. Bark blackish ; smooth
o r furrowed, b u t never scaly. Fructification biennial. N u t ovate, and with
a persistent style. Cup imbricate, large in proportion to tlie nut.
§ vi. N i'o b æ . Black Oaks. Leaves obtusely and very slightly lobed ; with
mucros, which generally drop off when th e leaves have attained the ir full
size; leaves dying off o f a blackish gi’eeii, o r very dark purplish red, and
in America frequently persistent. Bark quite black, smooth, or furrowed ;
b u t never scaly. Fructification biennial. Cup imbricate. N u t with a persistent
style, and sometimes marked with dark lines.
§ vii. P i i e T , i . o s . Willow Oaks. Leaves quite entire ; dying off without
much change of colour ; b u t in Ainerica sometimes persisting during two
o r th re e years. Young shoots straight and wand-like. Bark very smooth,
black, and never cracked. Fructification biennial. Cup imbricate and
shallow. N u t roundish and very small.
B. Leaves evergreen.
A . Natives o f Europe.
§ viii. / ' l e x . Holm, or Holly, Oaks. Leaves ovate or oval, entire or serrated,
with o r with o u t prickly mucros. Bark smooth and black, or rough
and corky. Fructification biennial. Cup imbricate. N u t ovate, acuminate
; sometimes very long in proportion to th e cup.
}{, Natives o f North America.
§ ix. V i r e ' n t e s . Live Oaks. Leaves oblong-lanceolate; d en tate and variously
cu t when young, b u t on full-grown trees quite entire. Bark smooth,
black. Fructification biennial. Cup imbricate. N u t long.
L X X . c o r v l a ' c r t e : 0 U e '’r c u s . 8 4 9
c . Natives o f Nep a l and Mexico.
ÿ X. L a n a ' t a î . Woolly-leaved Oaks. Loaves oval, oblong, o r lanceolate ;
serrated o r d en tate ; woolly beneatli.
A . Lca v e s deciduous.
A . Natives o f Europe.
§ i. Ròówr. B r itish Oaks.
Sect. Char. Leaves lobed and serrated ; dying off o f a yellowisli o r russet
brown. Bark rough. Buds ovate. Fructification annual. Cups imbricate.
— Trees from 30 ft. to above 1.00 ft. high.
¥ 1. Q. p e d u n c u l a ' t a Willd. Tbe common, or peduncled, British Oak.
I d e n ti fic a tio n . W iU d . S p . P l . , N o . 0 5 . ; E h r . A rb ., 77. ; P l . O ff ., JC9.
S y n o n ym e s , ä . /( ò b u r ¡ .in . S p . P l . 1414., F .n g . B o t. t . 1 3 4 2 .; ä . R . p e d u n c u l à t am M a r t . F l. R u s t.
t. H)'.; ü . foe 'm in a R o th G e rm . 1. p . 4 08. ; Q r a c em ó s a N . D u I l a m . 7. p . 177. ; ü - c um hm g o
p e d ú n c u lo B a u h . P in . 4 20. ; Q. / / é m e r i s D a le c h . H i s t . 4 . ; ( '/u c r c u s F u c h s H is t. 229. ; 6 - n a v à lia
B u r n e l ; W h i t e O a k ; C h ê n e b la n c S e c o n d â t, p . 16. t. 3 . ; C h ê n e p é d o n c u lé o ù â G r a p p e s , C h ê n e
f em e lle , G r a v e l in , F r . ; S t ie l E ic h e , f r ü h E ic h e , T h a ï E ic h e , L o h e E ic h e , W a ld E ic h e , G e r . ;
E s c h io , Q u e r c i a g e n t ile , I t a l . ; E n c i n a r o b l e . S p a n .
D é r i v a tio n . T h e F r e n c h a n d G e rm a n n am e s s ig n i fy th e w h i tc o a k , th e b u n c h - f r u i t e d o a k , th e
f em a le o a k , th e s ta lk e d o a k , th e e a r ly o a k ( a l l u d in g to th e p r o d u c t io n o f th e le a v e s ) , th e v a lle y
o a k , th e ta n n in g o a k , a n d th e w o o d o a k ,
E n g r a v in g s . E n g . I io t . , t . 1342. ; N . l ) u H am ., 7. t . 54. ; W i lld . A b b ild ., t . 140. ; th e p la te s o f th is
t r e e in A rb . B r i t . , 1 s t e d i t . , v o l. v ii. ; a n d o u r j ^ 1542.
Spec. Char., tÿc. Leaves on sh o rt footstalks, oblong, smooth, dilated upwards ;
sinuses rath er acute ; lobes obtuse. Stalks of thc fruit elongated. Nut
oblong. (W illd .) A large deciduous tre e . Eu ro p e and Britain. Height
50 ft. to 100 ft., with spreading to rtu o u s branches and spray, and, when
standing singly, with a head often broader than it is high. Fiowers
greenish and white ; April, N u t b row n ; ripe September.
te?
1542. Q. peihuiculina. Farieties.
¥ Q. p . 2 pubescens Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836.— Leaves downy beneath.
Q. p . 3 fastigiàta. Q,. fastigiàta Lam. ; Q. pyramidàlis Hort. ; Chêne
Cyprès, Chêne des Pyrénée.s, Fr. (T b e plate o f this tree in A?-b. Brit.,
1 st edit., vol. vii. ; and our ^/Ig. 1543.) — A handsome deciduous tree,
resembling in general form th e Lombardy poplar. I t is found in th e
valleys o f th e We stern Pyrenees, and in th e Landes near Bordeaux,
though b u t sparingly, and frequently comes true from seed. In British
gardens it grows most rapidly and vigoroi;sly when grafted on th e
species, or on Q. sessiliflòra.
Q. / . 4 péndula. Q. pendu-a Lodd. Cat. 1836 ; tb e Weeping Oak. —
Branches decidedly pendulous. T h e largest tre e o f this variety that
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