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1594. u . camiiéstris.
exposed to sun or weather. The great use of the
English elm, however, in ship-building, is for
keels. In light land, especially if it be rich, the
growth of tiie tree is very rapid; but its wood
is light, porous, and of little value compared with
that grown upon strong land, which is of a closer
stronger texture, and at the heart will have the
colour, and almost the hardness and heaviness, of
iron. The common elm produces abundance of
suckers from the roots, both near and at a great
distance from the stem ; and throughout Europe
these afford the most ready mode of propagation,
and that which appears to liave been most generally
adopted till the establishment of regular
commercial nurseries ; the suckers being procured
from the roots of grown up trees, in hedgerows,
parks, or plantations. In Britain, the present
mode of propagation is by layers from stools, or
by grafting ob the Î7. montàna. The layers are
made in autumn, or in the course of the winter,
and are rooted, or fit to be taken off, in a year.
Grafting is generally performed in the whip or splice manner, close to the
root, in the spring ; and the plants make shoots of 3 or 4 feet in length the
same year. Budding is sometimes performed, but less frequently. The great
advantage of grafting is, that the plants never throw up suckers, unless
indeed the graft is buried in the soil. The tree bears the knife better than
most others, and is not very injurious to grass growing under it. The leaves
are eaten by most kinds of cattle.
¥ 2 . C/. ( c . ) SUDERO'SA M oe n c h . The C o \\- b a r ic e d Elm.
Identification. Ehr. Arb., 142. ; Willd. Sp. Pl., p. 1324. ; Engl. FL, 2. p. 21.
Synonymes. U. campéstris Woodv. Med. Bot. 1 .197. ; U. campéstris and Theophrâst? Du Ham,
Arb. 2. p. 367. t. 108, ; U. vulgatissima fòlio làto scàbra Ger. Emac. 1480. f. ; V. montàna Cam.
Epit. t. 70., upper fig.; common Elm Tree, Hunt. Evel. Syl. p. 119.; l’Orme Liège, l’Orme
fungeiix, Fr.
Engràvings. Eng. Bot., t. 2161. ; Du Ham. Arb., 2. t. 108. ; the piate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol.
vii.; and o u r /g . 1395.
S p e c . C h a r ., 4'c. Leaves pointed, rough, doubly
and sharply serrated. Flowers stalked, 4 - 5 -
clefc. Samara almost orbicular, deeply
cloven, glabrous. Branches spreading ; their
bark corky. ( S m i t h . ) A deciduous tree,
taller and more spreading than the common
English elm. England. Height 60 ft. to 80 ft.,
and sometimes 100 ft. Flowers and samara
as in the preceding kind.
Varieties.
¥ Ü. ( c . ) s. 1 v u lg à r is . U. suberôsa H o r t.
D u r . ; the Dutch cork-barked Elm.—
This, except the American elm and
the Canterbury seedling ( Ü. montana'
major glabra), is the quickest-growing
of any that Mr. Masters cultivates It i395. u. <c.) suueròsa.
is, moreover, valuable on account of its
growing well upon the Kentish chalks ; and it keeps its leaf till late
in the autumn. It is a tree of large growth. Many of the elms at
Windsor are of this kind.
¥ V. (c.) s. 2 foliis variegàtis Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. U. suberôsa variegàta
Hort. Dur. —Precisely like the last, except in its variegation.
¥ TJ. ( c . ) s . 3 a l ia . U. suberôsa alba M a s t e r s .— A low tree, of more
compact growth than the two preceding varieties ; and often growing
into an oval, or, rather, cone-shajied head. Young shoots piibes-
zjent. Foliage thickly set. Bark much wrinkled, and becoming
white with age.
^ {), (c.) s. 4 erccta Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836.— Has a tall narrow head,
resembling that of the Cornish elm ; but differs from that tree in
having much broader leaves, and a corky bark.
¥ U. (c .) s .ò v a r . The broad-leaved Hertfordshire Elm, IToorf, nurseryman
at Huntingdon. — The shoots show some tendency to become
corky, which, in our opinion, determines this variety to belong to 27.
(c.) suberósa, rather than to 27. montàna or 27. (m.) glabra.
¥ I . (c.) s. 6 var. The narrow-leaved Hertfordshire Elm, Wood. —-
Leaves and shoots differing very little from those of 27. campéstris.
¥ 3. 27. (c.) ma'jor Smith. The greater, or Dutch Corlc-barked, Elm.
Identification. Sin. Engl. Bot., t. 2542. ; Sm. Engl. Fl., 2. p. 21.
Svnonvmes. £7. hollândica ed. 8. No. 5. ; £7. màjor hollândica, &c., Pluk. Alm.39Z.;
U. major, amplibre fòlio, &c., Du Ham. Arb. 2. p. 368. ; rU iamâ s Matth. Valgr. 1. 158. f. ; £7.
latifòlia Michx. N. Amer. Syl. 3. t. 129. f. 2.
Engravings. Engl. Bot., t. 2542. ; N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 129. f. 2. ; the plate of this tree in Arb.
Brit., 1st edit,, vol. vii. ; and our fig. 1396.
Spec. Char., 4c. Leaves rough, unequally and rather bluntly serrated.
Flowers nearly sessile, 4-cleft. Samara obovate, slightly cloven, glabrous.
Branches drooping, the bark corky. (Smith.)
A deciduous tree, with widely spreading
branches. England. Height 50 ft. to 70 ft.
Flowers and samara as in the preceding kinds.
The branches spread widely, in a droojiing
manner, and their bark is rugged, and much
more corky than even the foregoing. Leaves on
short thick stalks, larger and more bluntly serrated
than the last ; rough on both sides, especially
beneath ; but the hairy tufts at the origin
of each transverse rib are very small. Segments
of the calyx short and rounded. Stamens 4.
Samara obovate, with a very small rounded '
sinus, not reaching half so far as the seed. This
appears to be the kind brought over by William
IH. from Holland ; which, from its quick
growth, was, at fir.st, much used for hedges and
formnl rows of clipped trees ; but, when the
Dutch taste in gardening declined, the tree was
no longer cultivated ; as its wood was found
very inferior to that of most other kinds of elm. iggg. u. (c.)ir.ójor
¥ 4. 27. E F F u 'sA Willd. The spreacling-órrtizc/icf/ Elm.
Identification. Willd. Arb., 393. ; Sp. P l., 1. p. 1325. ; Duby et Dec. Bot. Gall., l .p . 422.
Synonymes. £7. ciliàta Ehrh. Arb. 72. ; £7. pedunculàta Lam. Diet. No. 2. ; £7. octandra Schk. Bot.
Handb. 178. t. 67. ; £7. fòlio latissimo, &c., Buxb. Hal. 340. ; £7. læ'vis Pal. Ross. vol. 1. p. 75. ;
rOrme pédonculé, Fr.
Engravings. Hayne, t. 29. ; the plates of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol vii. ; and ourfig. 1397.
Spec. Char., 4c. Leaves mostly resembling those of the 27. montàna, but
quite smooth on the upper side ; unequal at the base, doubly serrated,
Flowers on drooping stalks. Stamens in a flower 6—8. Samara elliptic,
deeply cloven, strongly fringed with coarse dense hairs. (Smith.) A
deciduous tree with ascending shoots, which spread at the extremities.
Europe, chiefly in the South of France, and in the Caucasus. Height 50 ft.
to 60 ft. Introd. ? 1800. Flowers and samara as in the preceding kinds.
This species is very distinct, even vvhen the tree is bare of leaves, as will
be seen by comparing the winter tree of it in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii.
Ml!
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