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h a rd , clayey soils, in exposed situations ; b u t it attains its largest dimensions
on plains, in loams, or clays th a t are n o t to o rich. On chalk it will n o t thrive, in
which resp ect it is directly th e reverse o f th e beech. T h e seeds o f th e hornbeam
ripen in Octobe r ; and they are produced freely in England, b u t seldom
in Scotland ; th e bunches, o r cones, as they are called, which contain them,
should be g athered by liand, when th e n u ts are read y to drop o u t ; o r they
may be left on th e tre e till they drop ; when, though a p a rt o f th e seed will
have fallen o u t, th e re will, in all probability, be enough left for fu tu re use,
th e tre e being a t p resen t b u t very sparingly propagated in Eu ro p e . The nuts
separate readily from th e ir envelopes ; and, if th ey are sown immediately,
many o f them will come up th e following spring, and all o f them th e second
spring. I f th ey are preserved in d ry sand, o r in th e ir h usks, and sown the
following spring, th ey will come up a yea r afterwards ; th e usual covering
is f i n. T h e p la n ts may remain in th e seed-bed for tw o y e a rs ; after which
they may be planted into nursery lines, and undergo th e usual ro u tin e treatment.
¥ 2. C. ( B . ) am e r ic a 'n a Michx. T h e American Hornbeam.
I d e n ii jic a tio n . M ic h x . A m e r . , 2. p . 201. ; P u i 's h F l . A m e r . S e p t . , p . 623.
S y n o n y m e . C. v i r g in i à n a M ic h x . A r b . t . 8.
E n g r a v in g s . D e n d . B r i t . , t . 1 57. ; M ic h x . N . A m o r . S y l . , 3. t 108. ; a n d o u r j% . 1714.
Spec. Char., 4'C. Brac teas o f th e fru it 3 -p a rtite ; middle division obliqiie>
ovate-lanceolate, 1-to o th ed on one side. (W illd .) A low deciduous tree.
Nova Scotia to Florida . H eig h t 12 to 15 feet, b u t sometimes from 25 ft.
to 30 ft. In tro d u c ed in 1812. F low ers and fruit like th o se o f the
common hornbeam, and produced an d ripened ab o u t th e same time.
T h e American hornbeam is smaller th an th a t o f Eu ro p e , b u t in other
respects closely resembles it. P ro p ag a ted by layers, an d sometimes by
imported seeds.
1*14. C. {B.) amerkiina.
i a t 3. C. (JB.) o r i e n t a ' l i s Lam .
17’5. C. (C.) orientàlis-
T h e Oriental Hornbeam.
I d e n t i f i c a t io n . L am . E n c y c . , 1. p . 70C. 5 W i l ld . S p . P I . , 4. p . 468. ; N . D u H am . , 2. p . 159.
S y n o n y m e . C. d u in é n s i s S c o p . C a r n . t. 60 .
E n g r a v in g s . S c o p . C a r n . , t . 60. ; D e n d . B r i t . , t . 98. ; a n d o u r f i g . 1715.
Spec. Char., f r . B ra c te a s o f th e fru it o vate, unequal a t th e base, undivitleci,
somewhat angular, unequally serrated . ( Willd.) A low deciduous tree or
shrub. Asia Minor and th e Levant. H e ig h t 10 ft. to 12 ft. Introduced
in 1739. F low ers and fru it closely resembling th o se o f th e common hornbeam,
and produced and ripened ab o u t th e same time.
As It shoots o u t into numerous widely spreading, horizontal, irregular
bi-anches, it cannot be regularly trained up with a straight clear tru n k . The
leaves are much smaller than those o f th e common hornbeam, and th e branches
grow closer to g e th er ; so th a t it is even still b e tte r adapted for forming a
clipped hedge th an th a t species. Very hardy, and easily propagated by laym-s.
Sjiecies or Varieiies o f Cárpinus not y e l introduced into European Gardens.
Cárpinus (B ) Carpiiiizra Host. Fl. Ju s t. 2. p. 62C. - Leaves crenately serrated
; scales of th e strobiles revolute, 3-cleft ; th c middle segment th e longest,
and quite entire. A native o f the
woods of Transylvania. Tlic T ra n sylvanians
distinguish this sortfrom
C. iS'etulus, and call it Carpinizza.
C. viminea Lindi., Wall. P l. As.
lia r. t. 106., Royle Illu st. p. 341.,
and our fig . 1716., has th e leaves
ovate-lanceolate, much acuminated,
doubly s errated ; petioles
and branchlets glabrous ; bracteas
fruit-bearing, ovate-oblong, laciniate
at th e base, somewhat entire
at the apex, bluntish. (L in d i, in
Wall.) A native o f th e mountains
of Nejial, in Sirmore and Kamaon ;
and, according to Royle, on Mus-
sonree, a t th e height o f 6500 ft.
above th e level o f th e s e a ; flowering
and fruiting from J an u a ry to
April. A fine tre e , very like th e common alder.
C. faginea Lindi., Wall. PI. As. R a r. 2. p. 5., has th e leaves ovate-oblong,
acute, shai-ply serrated, and glabrous ; petioles and branchlets downy ; bracteas
fruit-bearing, somewhat rhomboid, with large te e th , acute, reticulated. I t is
nearly allied to C. orientàlis, b u t differs in th e form and margin o f th e leaf,
and in the bracteas. (W a ll. P l. As. Ra r., 2. p. 5 .)
G e n u s V .
1716. C. viminea.
O 'STRYA IFiV//. T h e H o p H o rn b e am . L in . Syst. Moiice'cm Polyamli-ia.
S y n o n ym e s . C t irp ia u s L i n . a n d o th e r s ; I l o p f e n b u c h e , G c r . ; O s t r ia ,
D c r iv a lio n . F r o m o s tr y o s , a s c a le ; i u r e f e r e n c e to t h o s c a ly c a tk in s .
Gen. Char., 4c. M a le floivers with th e b racteas o f th e catkins simple, imbricate.
Floivers o f 12 or more stamens, inserted a t th e base o f a
bractea. Filaments branched, each branch bearing an anther. Anthers
each of 1 cell. — Female flowers with th c bracteas small, deciduous. Invo-
hicral scales in pairs, hairy a t th e base, a pair growing to g e th er a t their
opposed edges, and co n stitu tin g an inflated covering to th e opening. Calyx
investing th e whole ovary, and extended a t th e tip into a very sh o rt ciliate
tube. Style sh o rt. Stigmas 2, long, thread-shaped. Fru it a small n u t,
ovate, bearded a t th e tip. Tlie Iriiits o f a catkin imbricately disposed into
an ovate spike. (G . D o n .)
Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, dec iduous; feather-nerved, serrated.
Flowers small, greenish white. — Tre es deciduous, small, in general
appearance like th e hornbeam ; natives o f E u ro p e an d N o rth America.
Propagated by seeds o r layers in common soil.
3 N 4