K(CaCl) + orange-red). Apothecia submoderate, scattered, subimmersed,
slightly convex, immarginate, reddish-brown or dark-
red, concolorous within ; paraphyses coherent; hypothecium pale ;
spores ellipsoid, 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. th ic k ; hymenial
gelatine bluish then sordidly tawny-wine-coloured with iodine.—
S. P. Cray Nat. Arr. i. p. 459 ; Hook, in Sm. Engl. M. v. p. 180 ;
Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 126; Cromb. Lioh. Brit. p. 65;
Leight. Lich. FI. p. 264; ed. 3, p. 262. Lichen querneus Dicks.
Crypt, fasc. i. p. 9, t. 2. f. 3 (1785); Engl. Bot. t. 485; With.
Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 11. Pyrrhospora quernea Koerb. Syst. Lich.
Cerm. p. 209 (1855); Mudd Man. p. 192, t. 3. f. 75 (1861).
Lxsicc. Leight. n. 61; Larb. Caisar. n. 37 ; Bohl. n. 84.
A well-marked species, which at first sight might be taken for a
biatorine condition of some plant allied to Lecanora varia. I t has
been referred to the genus Pyrrhospora on account of the spores being
at times reddish-brown; this colour (as in other instances) is visible
only in dead ones which have remained long in the asci (vide Th.
Fries Lich. Scand. p. 426). The thallus, often sterile, usually spreads
extensively over the substratum, but at times is limited by a black
hypothalline line. The apothecia are more or less scattered, becoming
somewhat difform in age.
Hah. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly oaks, in wooded upland
districts.—Distr. Not uncommon in most parts of England, rare in
N. Wales, Ireland, and the Channel Islands ; not seen from Scotland.
—B. M. Rozel, Island of Jersey; lokworth, Suffolk ; Bpping Forest
and Hadleigh\Wods, Essex; Shiere, Surrey; Wrotham, Kent; Clayton,
Withyham, Henfield, Wakehurst Park, Tilgate and St. Leonard’s
Forest, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Lustleigh and near Kingskers-
well, Devon; Downton, Wilts; Oakley Park, near Cirencester,
Clouoestershire ; near the Lodge, Herefordshire; Crowle Road, near
Worcester and Ledbury, Worcestershire; Garn Dingle, Denbighshire;
Aston, Warwickshire; Royston Hill, The Wrekin, Gobowen, and
Buildwas, Shropshire; Basby Wood, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near
Bishop Auckland, Durham; near Belfast, Antrim; Castle Bernard
Park, Cork.
20. L. phseops Nyl. in Not. Sallsk. Faun. & FI. Penn. iv.
p. 5 (1858).—Thallus determinate, thin, smooth, continuous,
rimulose, white or greyish-white (K+yellowish, CaCl — ) ; hypo-
thallus whitish. Apothecia small, innate, angulose, plane, immarginate,
brown or reddish-brown, concolorous w ith in ; paraphyses
slender, crowded ; hypothecium reddish beneath ; spores fusiformi-
ellipsoid, 0,009-15 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. th ick ; hymenial
gelatine deep blue with iodine.^—Salw. in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin.
vii. p. 554; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 65 ; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 296.
Lecanora phseops Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 287 (1874); Leight.
Lich. PI. ed. 3, p. 181.
Lxsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 17.
Somewhat resembles biatorine species of the section Aspieilia of
the genus Lecanora. From its general habit and the structure of the
fructification, it may perhaps with greater propriety be arranged
among the Biatoras. The apothecia, numerous but discrete, are in a
very young state thinly margined and vary in size from subminute
to submoderate, in which latter case it is forma major Cromb. in
Leight. I. c.
Hah. On rocks, chiefly schistose, usually near water, in mountainous
regions.—Distr. Only in Wales, on the Grampians, Scotland
and in W. Ireland.—D. M. Cader Idris, Merioneth; Plinlimmon
Cardiganshire; Nant Franoon, Llyn Olwyd and Snowdon, Carnarvonshire
; Ben Cruachan, Argyll; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Morrone
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Mangerton, Kerry; Delphi and Doughruagli
Mts., Connemara, Galway.
21. L. lithophiliza Nyl. in Flora li. p. 473 (1868).—Thallus
subdeterminate, thinnish, firm, unequally flattened, areolate-
diffract or areola te-rimose, greyish or greyish-white (Kf +
yellowish, C aC l- ) . Apothecia submoderate, innate, somewhat
plane or convex, immarginate, brownish or brownish-black, white
within, bounded beneath by a thin black lin e ; paraphyses
moderate, lurid-brownish a t the apices; hypothecium with the
middle layer chalky-white, opaque (not hyaline), the lower con-
ceptacular layer thin, black ; spores oblong, 0,009-17 mm. lono-,
0,0035-45 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine —
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. vii. p. 106 (1869) & Lich. Brit p 66-
Leight. Lich. FI. p. 286 ; ed. 3, p. 292. ’
6e taken for a variety of L. lithophila, but
differs m the deeply-cracked thallus, and its chemical reaction, as
also m the immarginate, innate apothecia, with their longer spores
Nylander however rightly regards it as a Biatora near the preceding
species. The apothecia are numerous and at times subconfluent.
Hab. On schistose rocks and walls in maritime and mountainous
districts.—DisD. Only sparingly in N. Wales, N. England, and among
rae Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Near Hexham, Northumberland •
Garth, Dolgelly, Merioneth; Crianlarioh, Ben Lawers, and Craig
Tulloch, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire.
22. L. Gagei A. L. Sm.—^Thallus effuse, thickish, smooth,
rimulose-diffract, cream-coloured or brownish-white (K+yellow,
CaCl —).^ Apothecia moderate, a t first immersed, plane, with
thin entire margin, a t length superficial, somewhat convex and
immarginate, brownish-red, pale within; paraphyses slender,
not well discrete, brownish a t the apices; spores ellipsoid,
0,018-22 mm. long, 0,008-10 mm. th ic k ; hymenial gelatine
bluish then tawny-wine-red with iodine.—i . Taylori Mudd Man.
p. 199 (1861). Leight. Lich. PI. p. 291; ed. 3, p. 296. L
Ixvigata Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 65 (1870). Lichen Gagei
Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2580 (1811), young state. Fermcaria Gagei
Borr. ex Hook, in Sm. Engl. Flora v. p. 153 (1833). Bseomyces
anomalus Tayl. in Mackay PL Hib. ii. p. 79 (1836). Biatora
la y ton Salw. in Trans. Penzance Nat. Hist. Soc. 1853, p. 144.
Lxsicc. Leight. n. 283.