passing into brown fungal hyphæ (the hypotballus of the lichen),
and from this lower stratum the perithecia are developed ; they are
true perithecia when first formed, but tend to widen out or collapse
above to an almost lecideine form as described by Schærer. Further
investigation and more accurate observations of fresh material are
necessary to determine the existence of two plants, and the fungal or
symbiotic character of the perithecium.
Hdb. On earth on alpine rocks.—B. M. Plentiful on the summit
of Ben Lawers.
104. ENDOCARPON Hedw. Descr. Adumbr. Muse, frond,
ii. p. 56 (1788); emend. Th. Fr. Lioh. Arct. p>. 257 (1860);
A. Zahlbr. in Engler & P ra n tl Pflanzenf. i. 1*', p. 61 (1903).
(PI. 40.)
Thallus squamulose, or almost crustaceous, corticated on both
surfaces or only on the upper surface, sometimes rhizinose
beneath. Algal cells Pleurococcus. Perithecia simple, immersed
in the thallus, globose or ovate, with a more or less prominent
ostiole and with hymenial gonidia ; paraphyses mucilaginous, disappearing
; asci 1-6-, usually 2-spored ; spores elongate-ellipsoid,
muriform, a t first colourless becoming dark-brown.
First published as a genus by Hedwig with E. pusillum as the
type ; it was finally emended by A. Zahlbruckner to include only
those forms that have a squamulose thallus with hymenial gonidia
and muriform spores.
1. E. pusillum Hedw. I. c. t. 20a, figs. 1-8.— Thallus
squamulose, greyish- or reddish-brown, the squamules scattered
or crowded, small, closely adnate to the substratum, the margins
slightly raised and crenate. Perithecia minute, black, with a
prominent black ostiole ; hymenial gonidia small, in lines parallel
with the asci or in masses ; spores 2 in the ascus, oblong,
becoming brown, slightly constricted in the middle, muriform,
and multi-cellular, 0,045-55 mm. long, 0,014-19 mm. thick.—
Lichen trapeziformis Zoega ex Dicks. PI. Crypt, ii. p. 22 (1790) ?
L. endocarpon W ith. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 52 (1796) ? Verrucaria Garo-
vaglii Mont. in Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 3, xi. p. 59 (1849) ; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 109 pro p a rte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 459 ; ed. 3,
p. 491 pro parte. Dermatocarpon Garovagln Mudd Man. p. 270,
t. 5, f. I l l (1861).
Hah. On earth-covered rooks.—Distr. Eare in S. England.—B .M .
Thetford, Devon ; Alum Bay, I. of Wight ; cliffs, Eottingdean, Sussex.
2. E. sorediatum Hook, in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 158 (1833) ;
A. Zahlbr. in Engler & P ran tl Pflanzenf. i. 1*, p. 61 (1903).—
Thallus squamulose, olive-green, brown when dry, the squamules
mostly scattered, appressed, irregularly lobed, th e margins
slightly elevated and crenate, under surface pale-grey. Perithecia
minute, black, the ostiole powdery, blackish-grey ; spores as in
the preceding species.—Leight. Angioc. Lich. p. 18. Verrucaria
sorediata Borr. in Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2612, f. 2 (1829).
Often included in the preceding species from which it differs only
in the larger size and lighter colour of the thallus, and in the sorediate
apex of the perithecia.
Hab. On mud walls.—Distr. Very rare, recorded only from
Thetford, Norfolk.—B. M. One small specimen without locality.
3. E. pallidum Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 301 (1810).—Thallus
pale-reddish-brown, squamulose, the squamules minute, crowded,
imbricate, lobate and crenate. Perithecia minute, dark-brown,
the ostioles prominent, brownish-black ; spores 2 in the ascus,
brownish, linear-oblong, muriform becoming brown, large, 0,034-
54 mm. long, 0,014-19 mm. thick, sometimes slightly constricted.—
S. P. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 500 ; Hook, in Sm. Engl.
Fl. V. p. 157 ; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 99 ; Leight.
Angioc. Lich. p. 19, t. 5, f. 3. Lichen pallidus Sm. Engl. Bot.
t. 2541 (1813). Verrucaria pallida Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn.
Bord. sér. 3, i. p. 424 (1856) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 109 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 459 ; ed. 3, p. 491. Dermatocarpon pallidum
Mudd Man. p. 269 (1861).
Well distinguished by the small imbricate crowded squamules.
Hab. On earth-covered rooks.—Distr. Eare in S.W. Ireland.—■
B.M. Killarney, Kerry.
4. E. rugosum Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 258 (1836).—
Thallus subtartareous, with tumid waved aggregate pruinose
warts, glaucous grey, not altered when wet ; buds in a coarse
whitish powder on the summits of the warts. Apothecia minute,
few, scattered, oblong, quite immersed, with dark-brown,
depressed summits.—Leight. Angioc. Lich. p. 15, t. 4, fig. 1.
Leighton was unable to find asci or spores in the fruits of this
lichen, and points out that the habit and appearance seem to resemble
Pertusaria far more than Endocarpon. There are two specimens in
the British Museum, one of them from Taylor’s Herbarium, both of
them with sterile thallus only, probably of some Pertusaria.
V ER R U C A R IA C EÆ .
Thallus crustaceous, superficial or developed within the
substratum, not corticated. Algal cells (gonidia) Pleurococcus or
Palmella, sometimes present in the hymenium. Perithecia
simple, globose or semi-giobose, more or less immersed, opening
by a pore a t the apex (ostiole) ; asci 2-8-spored ; paraphyses
persistent or disappearing in mucilage. Spermogones globose,
immersed, with jointed sterigmata and oblong or ellipsoid
spermatia.