No. 8. —St. LAURENT-ISLANDEK,
[ C h o r is , op. cit., livl 7®., PI. xvi.; from Behring’s Straits, American side.]
Yon L angsdorff (Voy. and Travels, London, 4to. 1813, II, pp. 31, 111—12)
Doctor to Kotzebue, says of the Oonalaskans, “ a sort of middle race between
the Mongol-Tartars and the North Americans”—and of the Koluschians, “ they
do not appear to have the least affinity with the Mongol race:” — skin, when
clean, nearly fair.
No. 9. —TARTAR.
[“ Chef Tartare —D e K r u s e n s t e r n , op. cit., PI. xvii. ;—corrected by Russian original, Tab. lxxxii.]
Colored by descriptions of the ancient “ Ou-Sioun,” “ Ting-Lings,” &c.,
# according to Chinese historians cited by K l a p r o t h (Tableaux kist. de VAsie, pp.
123-5, 162, &c.)
Compare D e s m o u l in s , op. cit., pp. 74.-5, 80, 87, 163;—and other authorities
in J a r d o t (Revolutions des Peuples de VAsie Moyenne, Paris, 1839; ii.), “ Tableau
synoptique, chronologique et par Race.” D e K r u s e n s t e r n (transi. Ey-
riès, 1821, ii. pp- 208-11, 222-6), at the peninsula of Sakhalin (Map, PI. 28),
coast of Tartary—narrates how the Tartars, of whom th§ above is a chief, had
driven out and extirpated the “ aborigines, or Aïnos,” and were a totally distinct
race.
For Tartar ethnography around the Black Sea, consult H o m m a ir e d e H e l l
(jLes Sfzppesde la mer Caspienne, Paris, 3 vols., 1845) passim.
No. 10. —CHINESE.
j [“ Un Chinois”—B a r r o w , Voyage en Chine (with Macartney), transi. Castera, Paris, 1805; Atlas,
4to., PI. iv.; and i. pp. 77-82.]
There are many forms of Chinamen, on which I have no space to enlarge ;
but this is a good normal type.
No. 11. — KALMTJK.
[Derivation uncertain.]
Colored from H a m il t o n S m i t h , Nat. Hist, of the Human Species, Edinburgh,
1848; “ Swarthy Kalmucks, Eleuth,” PI. 28,'p. 462.
Compare M a r t in , op. cit., p p . 271-3, fig . 207 :—C u v i e r , Atlas, Mammifères.
The best descriptions are in a work by an anonymous but very correct compiler
( Voyages chez le Peuples Kalmoucks et les Tartares, avec 23 figures et 2
cartes géographiques, Berne, 1792, 8vo.,—p. 169 in particular). After indicating
the clear distinctions, in types and tongues, between the various races
o f Caspian Asia, he quotes L a M o t r a y e ’s surprise, “ d’avoir trouvé, presque sous
le même climat, et dans le même air, les Circassiens, lé plus beau peuple du
monde, au milieu des Noghaiens et des Kalmoucks, qui sont de vrais monstres
de laideur.”
No. 12. —TTJDA.
[“ A man of the Tuda race Nilagiri Hills,—Museum Royal Asiatic Society : P r ic h a r d , Researches
into the Physical History o f Mankind: — and Nat. Hist, o f Man, 1855, PI. xi. p. 853-4.]
On all these Dravidian tribes, see Maury’s Chap. I., pp. 52-5 ; and my Chapter
V., pp. 612-13. The best descriptions are in Sketch of Assam (supra, note 345
514) ; but the colored portraits are too small.
(Nos. 13,14,15,16,17,18,-19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24.)
The profound author of “ Civil Liberty and Self Government”—ablest exponent of human
rights as understood in our XlXth century by Anglo-Saxons—has expressed the embarrass-
meuts of nomenclature in the following note:—
“ I ask permission to draw the attention of the scholar to a subject which appears to me
important. I have used the term Western History, yet it is so indistinct that I must explain
what is meant by it. It ought not to be so. I mean by western history, the history
of all historically active, non-Asiatic nations and tribes— the history of the Europeans and
their descendants in other parts of the world. In the grouping and division of comprehensive
subjects, clearness depends in a great measure upon the distinctness of well-chosen
terms. Many students of civilization have probably felt with me the desirableness of a concise
term, which should comprehend within the bounds of one word, capable of furnishing
ns with an acceptable adjective, the whole of the western Caucasian portion of mankind__
the Europeans and all their descendants in whatever part of the world, in America, Australia,
Africa, India, the Indian Archipelago and the Pacific Islands. It is an idea which constantly
recurs, and makes the necessity of a proper and brief term daily felt. Bacon said
that “ the wise'question is half the science,” and may we not add that a wise division and
apt terminology is its completion ? In my private papers I use the term Occidental, in a
sufficiently natural contradistinction to Oriental. But Occidental, like Western, indicates
geographical position; nor did I feel otherwise authorized to use it here. Europides, would
not be readily accented either. Japhethian would comprehend more tribes than we wish
to designate. That some term or other must soon be adopted seems to me clear, and I am
ready to accept any expressive name formed in the spirit and according to the taste of onr
language. The chemist and natural historian are not the only ones that stand in need of
distinct names for their subjects, but they are less exacting than scholars.”— Op. cit., Philadelphia,
8vo., 1853, i. pp. 30-1.
Soqn after the issue of “ Types of Mankind,” a pleasant rencontre here with Prof. Francis
Lieber led to conversation between ns, wherein it was remarked, that the name o t a
mythic daughter of an ante-historic king of Phoenicia (Agenor),—transported by Jupiter in
the form of a natatory milk-white hull to the Isle of Candia — which, as E uropa, had not
yet become applied geographically to “ Europe” in the times of Homer, should have given
birth to an adjective “ European”—that (like Caucasian, Turanian, &c., supra, note 460)
now designates, as if they were an ethnic unit, types of man historically originating in three
distinct Realms (Arctic, Asiatic, and European properly so-called), and races as essentially
diverse from each other as the Faun® of these Realms themselves: at the same time that,
as Boohart (Phaleg, IV. 33) long ago perceived, such nations dififer entirely from the men
of a fourth Realm—“ quia Europma Africanos candore faciei mnltum superant.”
Prof. Lieber was so good as to leave with me (13th July, 1854) a memorandum embody-
ing the result of our conference:—
“ P. S. I may add that I have thought of the following names, all of which seem poor
to me—
Japhetians (includes too much);
Dysi- Caucasians (bad);
Hupero-Caucasians (poor);
Europa-Caucasians (poorer).