while the fourth, or Africo-Asiatic, extends along the southern shore
of the Mediterranean into Asia, as far east as Afghanistan, and is
occupied by the expansive Semitic family. A closer and more critical
examination of these four divisions compels us to recognise for
each a number of minor areas or limited districts, which, while they
hear to each other a general family likeness, are also characterized
hy floral and faunal peculiarities, in harmony with certain cranial
distinctions about to be noticed.
When to the increasing number of naturally sub-typical forms are
added the innumerable hybrid varieties resulting from the extensive
migrations and endless intermixtures which, from remote times, have
been going on in this region, it becomes evident that any attempt at
a successful generalization of these forms must necessarily be attended
with much difficulty. To grasp the idea off a European type
is one thing; to select from a number of skulls one which «hall
embody the essentials of this idea, so as to serve for a standard, is
quite another.
In the consideration of European types, I commence with the
Einns.
Attempts have been made to associate the Ugrian family, in point
of origin, with the nomadic races of Central Asia. But historically,
no proof can he adduced that they ever dwelt as a body upon the
plateaux of this latter region. They are not true nomades; and, as
far as I can learn, differ in physical characters from their neighbors.
The only support to the opinion is a certain affinity of language.
Anciently the Ugrian area extended from the Baltic into Trans-
Uralian Siberia. The western extremity penetrated Europe, and
was inhabited hy the True Einns, whose relation to the Lapps I have
already briefly alluded to. The eastern extremity mainly comprised
the Ugrians or Jugorians. Between the two dwelt the Tehudte
proper. L atham is disposed to bring the Samoiedes, Yenniseians,
and Yukahiri into this area, thus carrying the Ugrians nearly to
Bhering’s Strait, and almost in contact with the Eskimo.166 Anatomical
characters not to he slighted, not to be explained away, are,
however, against the attempt.
Through the kindness of Prof. R etzius, of Stockholm, the Mor-
tonian collection has been lately increased hy the addition of nine
specimens of the true Finnic stock. Of these heads, I find the largest
internal capacity is 112-5, the smallest 81-5, and the mean, 95-3 cubic
inches. From an examination of these skulls, the following brief
description is derived: The regularly developed head has a square or
165 Tlle Native Races of the Russian Empire. By R. 6. Latham, M. D., &c., being vol. II.
of the Ethnographical Library, conducted by E. Norris, Esq. London, 1854, pp. 12, 13.
somewhat angularly round appearance.
The antero-posterior diameter
being comparatively short,
it falls within the hrachy-cephalic
class of Retzius. The forehead is
broad, though less expansive than
in the true Gfermanie race. This
frontal breadth, the lateral expansion
of the parietalia, and the flatness
of the os occipitis, give to the
coronal region, when viewed perpendicularly,
a square, or rather
Fig. 21.
F in n (1537).
slightly oblong appearance. The
face is longer and less broad than in tne Mongolian neaa, wnne tne
lower jaw is larger, and the chin more prominent. Hence, the lower
part of the face is advanced, somewhat in the manner of the Scla-
vonian face. The whole head is rather massive and rude in structure,
the bony prominences being strongly characterized, and the
sutures well defined. The general configuration of the heacf is
European, bearing certain resemblances, however, to the Mongolian
on the one hand, and the Sclavonian on the other.
I have already alluded to the great diversity of opinion relative
to the affiliations of the Einns, and the position to which they should
he assigned in ethnic classification. M alte-B run -distinguishes them
from both the Slavonians and Germans, but associates them with
the Lapps.166 P inkerton coincides in this view, hut is inclined
to consider the Lapps a peculiar variety.167 B urdach classes the '
Einns with the Selaves and Lapps.168 B ory de S t. Y inoent considers
the Lapps, Samoiedes, and Tchuktchi as Hyperboreans, and
recognizes in the Einns a variety of the Sclavonic race.169 H uece
regards the Einns as a distinct people, differing from both the European
and Mongolian families.170 “ The Ein organization,” writet
L atham, “ has generally been recognized as Mongol—though Mongol
of the modified kind.” 171 The original identity of the Einns
and Lapps has been argued from certain linguistic affinities between
the two races. P richard considers the evidence of their consan166
System of Universal Geography. Edinburgh, 182?. Vol. VI. p. 75.
161 Modern Geography. Philadelphia, 1804, Vol. I. pp. 883, 404. W a l c k e n a e b , the
French translator and editor of this work, draws a strong line of distinction between the
Finns and Lapps. Géographie Moderne. Paris, 1804, t. 8ème, p.-258, note.
168 Der Mensch, cited by Hueck.
168 L’Homme, Essai Zoologique sur le Genre Humaine. 3e edit., t. 1.
1,0 De Craniis Estonum, p. 11.
171 Native Races of the Russian Empire, p. 72.