Owing to the circumstances already indicated, materials were not collected on
a scale sufficient to permit of any extended comparison between the fauna of the
area traversed and tha t of the surrounding countries; hut it may he as well to
direct attention to certain facts ascertained on the Expeditions.
A marked feature of the mammalian fauna of the Kakhyen hills, of the
hill range to the east of Bham6, and of the hilly country through which the
Irawady flows below Bham6, is the presence of Hylobates hoolook, a species of a
thoroughly Indo-Malayan type, associated with Macacus assamensis, which is a
nearly allied form to the common Indian monkey, M. rhesus. A short way to the
south of the second defile of the Irawady, another hilly tract occurs in which Indo-
Malayan species of Sem/nqpithecus are to he found, viz., S. pileatus and S. barbei,
the former extending into Tenasserim and into Assam, where it is a prevalent
species, occurring at no great altitude, and the latter penetrating the valleys of the
Kakhyen mountains to the east, where it is associated with the Indo-Malayan genus
Nycticebus, which is represented by N. cmereus, a species which was first described
from Siam by M. A. M.-Edwards. The range of this species also embraces Cachar,
Sylhet, the Garo hills, and Assam; whilst the genus is represented in Arracan and
the Chittagong hill tracts by the allied species N. tardigradus.
Macacus rhesus, Audebert, which has hitherto been regarded as essentially
characteristic of the fauna of Bengal and Upper India, would appear to have its
range extending much further to the east than has hitherto been acknowledged.
I t occurs in the valleys of the mountain systems to the north and east of Akyab,
from whence I have received many living examples from Colonel Sladen. Its
eastward distribution, however, is not limited to th a t region; hut it may he traced
across the range of mountains th a t defines Arracan from Burma; and, moreover,
it would appear to extend as far east as the left hank of the Irawady helow
Mandalay, the capital of Independent Burma. Another instance of distribution,
almost a parallel to the foregoing, is to he found in Eerpestes a/uropunctatus, a
species which is profusely distributed over Upper India and Bengal, hut which is also
very prevalent at Chittagong, ranging into Upper Burma, about Bham6; whereas
i t does not appear to enter Pegu. I t occurs also in Cachar, where, as in Upper
Burma, it differs only from the individuals found in Bengal in its darker colour.
In the Kakhyen hills, and in the valley of Sanda, that remarkable Indo-Malayan
insectivorous genus Tupaia, which in its external appearance and partially
arboreal habits mimics the grizzled squirrels of the Malayan fauna, is not at all
uncommon. I t is represented by one species which appears to be new, and which
I have designated T. chmensis. This genus, however, has a westward distribution
as far as the Sikkim TTimfl.lfl.ya., where I have observed it a t Kurseong, a t an elevation
of 4,500 feet. Associated in the Kakhyen hills with this Indo-Malayan type,
is tha t pepuliar, and comparatively short-tailed, so-called Tree-shrew, Eylomys,
which was first discovered in Borneo, and afterwards by Major Berdmore in
Tenasserim.
The Palæarfcio Manchurian genus Chimarrogale, which was first discovered in
Japan and afterwards in the Himalaya, ocours also in the Kakhyen mountains at
Ponsee. The species is closely allied to th a t found in Japan. I t is probable that
in the Kakhyen hills it will be ascertained to be associated with the genus Atm-
rosorex, which is also a member of the same section of the Palæartic f a . . ,
and the occurrence of which on the hill ranges of Northern Assam was recently
established by the researches of Mr. E. S. Peal of Sibsdgar.
The genus Talpa, which is represented in the Himalayas and in the Ass.m regioil
by two species, one of which occurs in the valley of the Sittang, wiilalso doubtless
be found in the high region to the east of Bhamô.
Another instance of an Indian mammal extending its range to Western
Yunnan is to be found in Fandelewria, a subgeneric type of Mus, occurring in
Southern and Central India and in the valleys of the Himalaya, and which I
obtained in the valley of the Nampoung, within the Chinese frontier, the animal
being apparently identical with the species found in Central India. The squirrels,
on the other hand, are peculiar in the circumstance th a t not only certain species of
the valley of the Irawady about Bhamô, but others also of the hill region to the east
manifest types of coloration which do not occur to the west or to the south ; for
example, the squirrels which are distinguished by one or more lines on the ventral
aspect of the body. The squirrel with more than one line on the belly occurs,
as far as my observations go, only in the hills, and does not extend into thé
valley of the Irawady ; whereas the squirrel with a single ventral line occurs not
only in the valley, but extends into the mountain ranges to the east ; and in con-
nection with this, it is noteworthy that squirrels with analogous ventral lineation
are found as far as the eastern sea-board of Chiba. The large flying squirrel of
Western Yunnan is also specifically distinct from the Himalayan species, and
also from the voltant squirrels of Eastern China ; whereas the smaller form
P . pearsmi is found on the mountain ranges of Assam and Yunnan.
That peculiar rodent type Rhizomgs, which is allied to the Palæartic type Spalax,
has its maximum specific development in the Indo-Chinese region, and is represented
in the high area to the east of Bhamô by two species, R . pruinosm and It, badius,
which are also found on the mountainous region to the west of the Irawady, com
stituting one of its zoological features, the former species having a further west-
ward extension as far as the Sikkim-Himalaya.