1848, p.'142; Schinz, Syn. Mamm. vol. ii. 1845, p. 81; Cantor, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. xv.
1846, p. 248 ; Blyth, Joum. As. Soc. Beng. vol. xvi. 1847, p. 871; ibid. vol. xxiv. 1856,
p. 472 ; Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Mus. 1868, p, 101; Temm. Esquisses Zool. 1858, p. 242.
Sciwrus redimitus, Boon Mesch, Neu. Verhandl. Nederl. Inst. Amsterdam, 1829, vol. ii. p. 248
(plate) ; Wagner, Schreber, Saugeth. Suppl. vol. ii. 1848, p. 196 ; Schinz, Syn. Mamm. 1845,
vol. ii. p. 39; Cantor, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. xv. 1846, p. 249; Temm. Esq. Zool. de la Côte
de Guiñé, 1858, p. 245; Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. xxiv. 1853, p. 472; Cat. Mamm.
As. Soc. Mus. 1868, p. 100.
Sciwrus rufogularis, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x. 1842, p. 268; List Mamm. B. M.
1843, p. 142; Swirfhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 684.
Sciwrus rufonigra, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x. 1842, p. 268; List Mamm. B. M.
1848, p. 142.
Sciwrus rufoniger, Gray, List B. M. 1848, p. 142;, Motley and Dillwyn, Cont. Faun. Borneo and
Labuan, 1855, p.. 6.
Sciwrus erythromelas, Temm. Esq. Zool. 1858, p. 248; Schlegel, Tijdsch. Nederland, vol. i. 1863,
p. 28, pi. ii. fig. 2 ; Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xx. 1867, p. 183.
Sciwrus prevostn, var. swmalrana, Schl. Nederland. Tijdsch. 1868, p. 25.
Sciwrus prevostii, var. bangkana, Schl. Nederland. Tijdsch. 1868, p. 26, pi. i, fig. 2.
Sciwrus atricapillm, Schlegel, Nederland. Tijdsch. 1863, vol. i. p. 27, pi. ii. fig. 1.
Sciwrusprevostii, var. bomeoensis, Schlegel, Nederland. Tijdsch. vol. i. 1868, pi. i. fig. 3, p. 26.
Sciwrus erythrogenys}■ Schlegel, Nederland. Tijdsch. vol. i. 1868, p. 29, pi., ii. fig. 8.
Sciwrus piceus, Peters, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 429.
Sciwrus bomeoensis, Gray, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xx. 1867, p. 277.
Macroxus (Callosciwrus) rafflesii, var. bangkanus, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1867, vol. xx. p. 277.
Macroxus (Callosciwrus) rufogularis, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xx. 1867 (inpart), p. 277.
Macroxus (Callosciwrus) sanoakensis, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xx. 1867, p* 277.
Macroxus rufoniger, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xx. 1867, p. 278.
Macroxuspluto, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xx. 1867, p. 288.
Macroxus atrocapillus, Gray, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist. yol. xx. 1867, p. 278,.
Sciwrus schlegelii, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 278.
Sciurus schlegelii, A. M.-Edwards, Rech. des Mammif. 1871, p. 163.
I have examined a very extensive series of squirrels2 from the Malayan peninsula
and its neighbouring islands, and from the large Islands of Sumatra, Borneo,
and the Celebes, and all of which appear to he referable to one specific form, which,
however, is so modified in certain comparatively limited, areas as to assume the importance
of local races. The attempt, however, to elucidate and define these races
is complicated by the changes of fur to which these squirrels aré subject before they
reach maturity, and probably by alterations of pelage attending the breeding season.
There' appear to be three well-marked, local races,^one peculiar to Malacca
and the mainland, another to Sumatra and Banka, and perhaps to some of the
neighbouring smaller islands,, and a third to Borneo and the Celebes.
The features which characterise the first race are as follows:—
The Malayan, race—The side of the face and lower jaw from the muzzle,
below the eye, and through the lower third of the ear, and along the side of the neck
1 'This term liaving been applied by Waterhouse in 1842 to aji African squirrel, Dr. Gray in the. Ann. and Mag,
Nat. Hist. 1867, vol. xx. p. 278, re-named the Celebes squirrel as S. schlegelii, a term afterwards suggested by A. M.-
Edwards (Rech. des Mammif. 1871, p. 163) for the same reason, he being unaware that Dr. Gray had anticipated him.
1 As far as possible, I have personally examined the type of each supposed species, and the only forms which have
not. been seen by me are S. redimitus and S. rafflesi.
and the shoulder and humeral region greyish-white, due to an intermixture of black
and white hairs, the latter being by far the most numerous. A broad yellowish-
white line- from the axilla runs along the side, and over the outside of the thigh to
the heel. All the upper parts, from the tip of the muzzle, through the upper
two-thirds of the ear and along the back and round the hips and back of hind legs
to the tarsus, and the tail, are black, the tip of the latter tending to red. There is
a dusky spot on the chin: all the rest of the animal is rich maroon-chestnut. The
whiskers are black. Length of body 10*50; tail, without hair, 10*30 inches.
In the adolescent, the sides of the face are much greyer than in the adult, and
approximate in colour to the cheeks of S. rafflesii, V. & H., from Sumatra, but are
much lighter, and, like it, the moustachiai area, and the spot where the cheek-
bristles originate, are much purer white; the sides of the neck and the shoulders
also are much more grey, and the shoulder is slightly washed with rufous. The
lower portion of the tail is black above and brown below, the remainder being
rather reddish-brown, paling towards its extremity.- In a specimen referable to
this race the red is much more intense on the fore limb and lower front part of the
shoulder than in other individuals, and in these respects it approaches to S. prevostii
var. bangkana, but it has only the faintest trace of red on the front of the shoulder,
the shoulder generally being grey, while it is reddish in S. bangkanus.
A young squirrel stated to have come from China, accurately agreeing with the
description and figure of S. rafflesii, Vigors and Horsfield, was referred by Dr. Gray
to a new species, S. rufogularis, but it also corresponds to the figure and description
of S. redimitus, Boon Mesch, except that the greyish extends on to the side of the
face and neck, whereas these areas in S. redimitus are the same as in the under parts.
I t also agrees, however, with the measurements given by Boon Mesch of his supposed
species, and, like it, the moustachiai region and area around the cheek-bristles
are white. In its otherwise grey cheeks and sides of the neck it resembles the
squirrel referred by Schlegel to S. prevostii var. bangkana. The fore legs are red,
tending to become white on the upper part of the shoulder. There is a white line
from the shoulder to the groin; and the outside of the thigh and the lower half of
the leg are white. The tail is brownish-black tending to reddish-brown at the tip.'
The Sumatran <md Banka race.—The Sumatran race S. rafflesii is distinguished
from the race of the mainland by a large white spot on the side of the
muzzle, by its greyish or brownish cheeks and side of the neck, and by its red
fore limb and shoulder. I t closely approaches the other insular form from Borneo.
Prom the muzzle to the root of the tail along the upper parts is wholly black,
and the hinder border of the thighs is of the same colour. The sides of the muzzle,
the chin, the region of the cheek-bristles, a line along the side from the shoulder,
and the outside of the thigh, are white. The three first-mentioned areas are obscurely
greyish when the sides of the face and neck are grey, which they appear to be in
the young animal. The region behind the ear has also generally a greyish tint.
The side of the face and below the ear, in the adult, are greyish-brown. The throat,
the sides of the lower jaw, the sides of the neck, the shoulder, the whole of the