preserved for some time in alcohol. I t agreed in its form and general dimensions with
the undoubted females of S. chrysomelas of the same type of colouring as the males.
Intermixed among the yellowish hairs on the head, tail, and limbs are- numerous
black hairs, a character which occurring also in 8. auratus, Is. Geoff., with which
this animal agrees in every respect except its lighter colouring, has suggested the
probability that these reddish monkeys of the S. auratus type are females of
S. chrysomelas either in a transitional or in a seasonal tinge of pelage. So little,
however, is known regarding the life, history, and pelage changes of the Semno-
pithed, and especially of 8. femoralis, that the evidence regarding the specific
identity of S. femoralis with S. auratus must still he regarded as an open question.
There is also a remarkable similarity between the skulls of S. rubicundus and
S femoralis, both of which are from Borneo, the former in its colouring being
closely allied to S. auratus.
The skull of an adult female has the orbits very large and outwardly expanded,
the forehead moderately arched and expanded. The orbital septum is rather
long and broad, more especially at its upper end, the extremity of the nasals being
but little below the middle of the orbit. There is a slight nodosity at the nasofrontal
suture. The hinder border of the last molar is on a line with the posterior
margin of the palate. The fifth talon of the last inferior molar is but feebly
developed.
S e m n o p i t h e c u s a u r a t u s , Geoff. St.-Hilaire.
Cercopithecus auratus, Geoff. St.-Hil. Ann. du Mus. Éfɧ vol. xix. p. 98; Desmarest, Nouv.
Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vol. xv. 1817, p. 576 ; Mamm. 1820, p. 56; Kuhl. Beitr. zur. Zool. 1820,
p. 10; Lesson, Man. de Mamm. 1827, p. 85; Temminck, Monogr. de Mamm. vol. i, 1827,.
p. lé ; Griffith, An. King, vol. v. 1827, p. 11.
Simia auratus, P. Cuvier, Diet, des Sc. Nat. vol. xx. 1821, p. 84.
Semnopithecus auratus, Desmoulins, Diet. Class. d'Hist. Nat. vol. vii. 1825, p. 570; Fischer, Syn.
Mamm. 1829, p. 15 ; Lesson, Compl. des OEuvres de Buffon, 1828-80, vol. iil p. 18 ; Geoff.
St.-Hil. Zool. Yoy. de Belanger, 1834, p. 44; Schlegel, Essai sur la Physion. des Serpens, Pt.
Gén. 1887, p. 237; Martin, Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist, new ser. vol. ii. 1888, p. 439 ;
Lesson, Sp. des Mammif. 1840, p. 63; Martin, Nat. Hist. Quadrumana or Monkeys, 1841
(in part), p. 474 (plate) ; Is. Geoff. St.~HiL Cat. Méthod des Mammif. 1851, p. 15; Gervais,
Hist. Nat. des. Mammif. 1854, p. 62; Dahlbom, Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. An. 1856, pp. 88-90;
Blyth, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. lxvi. 1875, p. 10.
Semnopithecus chrysomelas, Wagner, Schreber, Saugeth. Suppl. vol. v. 1855, p. 22 (in part).
The type of this form is a pale golden-yellow monkey with the hair on the
head rather long and erect. All the under parts are yellow. A large black patch
on the knee, and intermingled black hairs on the yellow tail and hind feet. The
colour of the face in life is unknown.
Habitat.—Said to inhabit the Moluccas.
The proportions and character of the crest of this monkey seem to me to point
in the direction of its being a variety of S. femoralis, either depending on intermediate
pelage distinctive of the female at a period of her history or attributable
to seasonal changes, but, as I have already remarked, these suppositions are purely
conjectural. Martin referred the S. pyrrkus, Horsfield, to this species, but the
general characters of the animal and nature of its crest,- and the locality, Java,
from whence it was obtained, appear to me clearly to indicate it as a variety of
S. maurus.
S e m n o p i t h e c u s r u b i c u n d u s , Müller. '
Semnopithecus rubicundus, Müller, Tijdsch. voor Natuur. Gesch. vol. v. pts. 1 and 11, 1888, p. 187
(Plate); Martin, Nat. Hist. Quadr. 1841, p. 473 ; Müller und Schlegel, Verhandl. 1839-44, pp. 61,
69,Tab. 9, figs. 1 & 2; figs. 8 & 4 (skull), tab. 11, fig. ! (juv.) ; Schinz, Syn. Mamm. vol. i.
1844, p. 36 ; Is. Geoff. St.-Hil. Cat. Méthod des Mammif. 1851, p. 16 ; Gervais, Hist. Nat. des
Mammif. 1854, p. 68 (fig. head); Wagner, Schreber, Säugeth. Suppl. vol.v. 1855, p. 22;
Beyrich, Abhandl. der Beri. Akad. der Wiss. 1860, p. 7 ; Gray, Cat. Monkeys and Lemurs, 1870,
p. 17 ; Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xliv. 1875, ex. no. p. 11.
In the type of this species, all the animal is deep maroon-red, with the exception
of the hands and feet, which are sullied with blackish. The hair on the frontal
region is markedly radiated in all directions, that in front overshadowing the eyes,
the eyebrows in the adults, wanting the remarkably long bristles which occur in
them in the young. The hair on the vertex is laterally compressed, long, semi-erect,
being thrown somewhat backwards and tending to become recumbent. Whiskers
but little developed. Eace and ears bluish black; lips dull, flesh-coloured. Nose
depressed and slightly wrinkled. Tail concolorous with body, or darker, and tufted.
Hair on sides of body rather long. Under parts slightly paler than the upper
surface.
In the young, the general colour of the upper parts is purplish-red or brown,
paler on the back, where it is mixed with yellowish hair, and still lighter on the head ;
the remaining parts being yellowish grey or white, except the tail, which is rather
darker than the back.
Ft. In.
Length of body to vent . . . . . . ... . . 2' 0-00
„ of t a i l .......................................................... ........ . 2 5'75
The leading features of this species are its rich dark maroon colour, radiating
hair on forehead, and compressed, semi-erect crest tending to become recumbent. I t
is the only known member of the genus with radiating hair on the forehead, but in
other respects it has a marked general resemblance to the Bornean Semnopitheci,
which have been described under the names of 8. melaloplius and S. flavimanus,
of which Müller and Schlegel considered it to be the representative in Borneo.
These zoologists have also directed attention to certain details in which the skulls of
these supposed species resemble each other, more particularly to the forward bulging
of their interorbital portion. But while these resemblances exist there are so
many other points of difference between these Bornean and Sumatran monkeys as do
not justify their being regarded even in the light of varieties of a common species.
S. rubicundus has been found hitherto only in Borneo.