The humerus (figs. 42 and 42 a).—The head of the humerus is slightly oval and
continuous with a prominent anterior ridge, along which the articulating surface is
prolonged for one-half of its length. This ridge fits into the anterior notch of the
glenoid cavity. There is a very prominent process behind for the attachment of
muscles to the hinder margin of the coracoid, behind and below the -glenoid cavity.
Viewing the humerus in front, the upper half is seen to be flattened laterally
and the lower half antero-posteriorly. The result is, that the largest axis of the
head is in the last-mentioned direction. There is a deep pit on the radial condyle
immediately above the capitellum, and an olecranon fossa on the back of the bone
above the trochlear articulation. Regarding the humerus in profile from the
inner side, it is observed that the radial articular surface projects prominently
forwards, while viewed anteriorly it is longitudinally oval. The trochlear surface
is narrower in front than behind. The external and internal supracondyloid
prominences are well marked.
The radius (fig. 48) lies obliquely across the arm, with the ulna posterior
and external to it. I t is a short bone with a broad carpal extremity, articulating
with two carpal bones (c and d) and the ulna. The head is rounded- with a cupshaped
articular facet, which forms a large sigmoid articular cavity along with a
concave articular surface on the head of the ulna.
The ulna (fig. 43).—The humeral articulation of the ulna is slightly concave,
and the radial facet is immediately below it. The inner side of the former is
folded over as it were on its inner side to form a small articular surface corresponding
to the trochlear facet.
The carpus (fig. 43)1 consists of seven bones, of which only two are in contact
with the radius and ulna. The bone in contact with the ulna appears to be a
united os ulnare and os intermedium. A large, almost round, os centrale occupies as
usual the centre of the carpus, in contact with all the bones of the carpus.
The pelvic arch (fig. 44) is attached by the sacral rib in the usual manner.
The ilium is directed downwards and forwards, and is narrowed and slightly contracted
in its middle, with either end feebly expanded. Its lower extremity
forming the upper border of the acetabulum has a prominent tubercle on its outer
and anterior margin, immediately above the acetabulum, facing a rather large
process on its ischial side. The ilium, below the tubercle, forms part of the acetabulum,
which has only two borders, an upper belonging to the ilium, and a lower
to the ischio-pubis. The anterior and posterior borders are closed in by strong
membranes. The ischial process of the acetabulum is separated from the upper
posterior angle of the ischium by a deep depression in the position of the lesser
siatic notch bounded behind by a prominent process. The free margin of the pubis
is bevelled off and very thick, and there is the obturator foramen near its internal
angle. Two ypsiloid cartilages are found in the usual position.
1 This plate, I regret to say, has not had the original drawings which were made by myself with the greatest care
reversed, so that what is right on the plate is left in nature. The figures also, especially of the skull and carpus, have '
not that distinctness which could have been wished.
Femur (figs. 45, 45 a and 45 b) is of moderate length and rather stout, the head
and neck being bent slightly inwards. There is a strong projection on the inner
side of the head covered with articular cartilage, which also invests another pointed
surface prolonged forwards anteriorly almost on to the neck. At the back of, the
bone, the former process defines the inner side of a deep pit on the neck, bounded
externally by a smaller process. A ridge passes downwards from each process
enclosing the notch in a triangular space, the apex of which is downwards and
overlooked by a conspicuous process springing from a sharp ridge occupying the
upper half of the external margin of the posterior surface of the shaft. Below
that point to the condyles, there is a triangular slightly concave surface, with two
nutritive canals at its upper extremity.
The lower end of the bone is a simple transversely elongated articular surface,
in contact with the oblique articular surface of the ulna and fibula. A broad but
obscure ridge winds spirally round the middle of the shaft.
The tibia and fibula do not call for any remark. There are nine tarsal bones
(fig. 46). In the first row the os tarsi tibiale is the smallest and in contact with the
inner half of the tibia. The first bone of the second row of tarsal bones is somewhat
pushed out of position towards the os tarsi tibiale. The metatarsal bones
are well developed, and the third and fourth support three phalanges, while the first,
second and fifth carry only two each.
The skull (figs. 21 and 24) is remarkable on account of its short and broad
character, associated with depression and great truncation of the posterior portion.
I t is one-fourth broader than long. I t is also distinguished by a pronounced
rounded porous osseous ridge running round the upper outlines of the skull arising
at the hinder border of the upper process of thé temporal, the ridge from either
side meeting over the nasals. There is also a short ridge along the mesial suture
of the parietais. The fronto-temporal arch is complete and the maxillary touches
the quadrate, and the pterygoid is opposed by its anterior maxillary process to the
maxilla. The orbit is defined anteriorly by the prefronto-lachrymals and by the
vertical plate of the maxilla ; posteriorly by the pterygoid, and superiorly by the
head of the squamoso-zygomatic process of the temporal and by the orbital process
of the frontal.
The external nostrils are large rounded orifices lying betwéen the premaxillary,
nasal and maxillary. The former bone forms their floor and inner wall; the
vertical plate of the maxillary bounds them internally and the nasal roofs them in:
The internal nostrils (24) are on a line with the anterior angle of the orbit and
are defined by the palato-vomerine, orbito-sphenoid, prefrontal-lachrymal, and
maxillary. Their floor is formed by the premaxillary, maxillary, and broad anterior
expansion of the palato-vomerine.
A rather long wide space is left between the nasals superiorly and between the
broad plates of the palato-vomerines inferiorly, into which the nasal cartilaginous
septum which divides the cavity into two chambers is attached. This opening
which in the dry skull passes vertically through it is defined on the upper surface