a hyperapopliysis, and in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th oervioal verttsbrse of one skeleton
of T. ellioti there are more distmot indications of this process.
A pair of autogenous hypapophyses occur on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th cervical
vertebras, and a single tubercular exogenous hypapophysis on the atlas and a bifurcate
one on the axis. The double processes are rather widely apart and loosely
attached to the posterior margin of each of the three vertebræ.
In the caudal region the hypapophyses are well developed and bear hæma-
pophyses. The latter are autogenous products arranged in pairs in the two first
caudal vertebræ, but forming a perfect osseous autogenous arch in the following
four or five vertebræ, posterior to which they beoome united to the hypapophysis.
The 12th dorsal vertebra, and the vertebræ intervening between it and the last
lumbar, have the mesial line of the under surface of each marked by a more
or less prominent ridge, which is most so in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th lumbar
vertebræ, becoming hardly perceptible in the 5th and 6th. In the 3rd it is proj
e c t e d downwards at its . anterior half as a distinct process. The nutrient foramina
of the centra lie on either side of these ridges about the middle of the vertebræ, but
become more widely apart as they are traced to the dorsal vertebræ, where they
disappear at the 12th.
The articular surfaces of the atlas for union with the condyles of the skull are
rather deep, owing to the forward prolongation of the antero-extemal angles of the
vertebra which form their upper extremities. The facets are directed downwards,
backwards, and inwards, and their upper extremities are most markedly concave and
defined externally by a notch.
The base of each transverse process is perforated by a foramen for the
vertebral artery, which opens internally on the inner aspect of the articular facets
from the condyles of the skull. This inner foramen is the termination of three other
foramina, one of which is situated at the base of the neural lamina close to the ridge
of the process, and looks forwards and outwards ; another occurs below the transverse
process, and is directed forwards and downwards ; while a third, leading through a
very short osseous canal, is situated externally on the posterior margin of the base
of the neural lamina. The articular surfaces from thè axis are broad above, but
taper to a point below.
The odontoid process of the axis is short and slightly curved upwards and
forwards. There is a well-marked tubercular, swelling in the position of the
metapophyses. The transverse processes are very fully developed. Posterior to the
odontoid process, there is a short feeble ridge which bifurcates posteriorly, terminating
in a pair of small processes, a small foramen occurring in the angle of
thé fork.
The pre-sternum is a half longer than the first meso-stemal piece, and is dilated
anteriorly into two wings separated by a median ridge, the posterior half being
contracted to a narrow rod, along which the ridge is continued. The wings are
slightly concave anteriorly and flat posteriorly, with the first rib attached to the
external angle of their posterior margin.
The meso-stemum consists of five nearly equally large and broad rod-like pieces,
the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th showing more or less distinct traces of a median groove,
which is most marked on the 4th. The xiphi-stemum is a long rod-like bone the
length of two and one-half of the meso-stemal elements, and is slightly dilated at its
free end. The cartilage of the ninth rib runs close up to the last segment of the
meso-stemum along the cartilage of the 8th rib, but stops short of being connected
to the sternum.
The outline of the scapula is a figure resembling .the half of a moderately
rotund oval, divided unequally by the meso-scapula or spine, which is extended nearly
as far outwards as the breadth of the middle portion of the post-scapular plate. I t
rises in a gentle slope from the supra-scapular border as far as the upper third of the
distance between the last-mentioned border and the tip of the acromion process.
Anterior to that it forms a sharp, outwardly directed ridge parallel with the post-
and pre-scapular surfaces, less in extent .than one-fourth of the before-defined area.
I t is then bent slightly backwards, the margin of the ridge being directed backwards
and slightly upwards, giving rise to a flattened convex surface roofing in the subscapular
fossa and continuous with the acromion process. Posteriorly, the inferior
hinder margin of this flattened surface forms a well-defined angle, and the
acromion joins the meso-scapula by a slightly constricted surface common to
both.
The acromion is moderately broad, and is directed more forwards than downwards,
being bent also inwards over the coracoid. The coracoid is a small hook
of bone directed forwards, downwards, and backwards, till its tip is on a line
with the anterior border of the glenoid facet. The glenoid facet is cup-shaped,
but a pointed articular surface from its anterior margin is prolonged on to
the base, as it were, of the coracoid process. The sub-scapular fossa presents
nothing worthy of note. The coracoid border is contracted at its base above its
process; it then bends forwards, upwards, and backwards in a moderate sweep
;to the superior extremity of the meso-scapula, beyond which it is continued
upwards and ' backwards as the supra-scapular border. The margin is slightly
thickened.
The pre-scapular plate is marked by a long, shallow depression, almost constituting
a groove, which commences at the inferior anterior extremity of the
meso-scapula, and is directed upwards and slightly outwards, terminating externally
at the upper third of its border. The post-scapular plate has its glenoid
border turned slightly forwards, and a little above its upper half it bifurcates
to the posterior supra-scapular angle, enclosing a narrow concave surface.
Erom the outward and slightly forward prolongation of the border, the postscapular
plate is concave along the border. Thé inner aspect of the two plates
presents two ridges and a median groove or hollow, the latter corresponding to
the course of the meso-scapula; the anterior of the ridges, to the groove on
the external surface of the pre-scapula; and the posterior, to the Imp marking
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