the upper lip, by a wavy ridge containing fifteen small conical teeth on the right
side completely hidden below the skin.
Fmcial region.—This is marked by longitudinal folds continuous with those of
the pharynx and at the base of the tongue. Papillæ like those of the tongue also
occur on the sides of the fauces, where they have a similar relation to the orifices
of the racemose glands (Pl. XXVII, fig. 3, go). These latter structures are numerous
in the fauces, and their ducts are wide and patulous. When the mucous membrane is
reflected they are found to ,cover not only the base of the tongue and sides of the fauces,
hut to invest the broader portion of the palate except in a narrow space in the middle
line. They form a dense layer extending from the root of the epiglottis along two-
thirds of the distance between that point and the angle of the mouth, and when dissected
out they resemble a little forest of glands on the reflected mucosa. These
structures (fig. 4) measure on an average 0-70 inch in length. Each has the appearance
of a flask with a long neck, and when cut open the duct is found to dilate
into a larget chamber in the body of the flask, into which the secretion of the lobules
which invest the chamber is thrown by a few small ducts, the chamber resulting
from the confluence of a number of smaller ducts. The lining membrane of the
chamber is dear and glistening, and each receptacle was filled with a grumous mass.
OEsophagus.—-This tube is thrown into numerous longitudinal folds, and the
surface generally is perforated by the minute orifices of mucous crypts. About 10
inches from its stomachal opening there are a few glandular masses about 0'06 inch in
diameter, but I have not been able to detect more than four or five. They consist of
little wart-like clusters (fig. 6) raised above the mucous membrane. The number
of primary lobules in each varies, the most compound having as many as six
lobules. These lobules are rounded externally and have converging apices, which,
however, do not meet in the middle of the gland which is traversed transversely by
a clear space covered with the epithelium of the oesophagus. The apex, of each
presents a dark area. Under a power of 350 diameters each lobule is seen to be
composed of a series of secondary lobules, all of which along with the primary
lobules are enclosed in a fibrous capsule.
Stomach.—No organ in the body of whales seems to have given rise to so much
controversy as the stomach, no two authors absolutely agreeing as to the number of
cavities even in the same species.1 In the allied genus Globicephalus, the passage
between what I term the 2nd and 3rd cavities has been regarded as a cavity, and
again the duodenal expansion (Pl. XXVII, fig. 5, iv.) has been reckoned also as a
gastric cavity. The number of chambers then would seem to depend on the mode
of counting them rather than on their presence or absence in particular cases.
The stomach of Orcella (Pl. XXVII, fig. 5) consists of three cavities,
and of an intervening narrow funnel-shaped channel between the second and
third sacs. The first division is the largest. I t is regularly pyriform in shape,
with its base towards the left and its apex to the right side, but bent round
1 Consult H. H.-Edwards, Leçons sur la Physiologie, &c., t. vi., for the literature of this subject up to 1861 :
also Flowers’ Lectures, Medical Times and-Gazette, vol. ii. 1872: Turner, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinr.
somewhat to meet the oesophagus, the posterior wall of which is in the same plane
with the dorsal wall of this cavity. The sac is much longer from left -tb right
than it is broad antero-posteriorly, and it is placed transversely across the body.
When the oesophagus is laid open posteriorly, one of the folds of that tube is
observed to become enormously enlarged into a free flap which depends behind the
opening into the second stomach so as completely to prevent the entrance of food
into it, on its passage down the oesophagus. The entrance to the second cavity
occurs at the angle formed by the oesophagus and the cavity in question, and is
directed upwards and forwards, and towards the left side. The walls of the cavity
are of great thickness. The mucous membrane is very rough and yellow, and
covered all over with small, short, much convoluted ridges, with deep intervening
sulci; the whole surface, in addition, being thrown into enormous folds which are
arranged around the opening into the second cavity so as to close it completely.
The second stomach (fig. 5, ii.) has only about one-half the capacity of the first.
I t lies above and over the right third of the previous cavity at right angles to its long
axis, its base being dorsal or at the oesophagus, and its apex opposite to that, on the
ventral wall. I t is oval in form, with its mucous membrane of a greyish tint and perfectly
smooth, but thrown into large convoluted folds about one inch in thickness and
diameter, and which radiate from the communication with the first stomach. This
opening is placed on a line with the anterior wall of the oesophagus, and when contracted
has a length of two inches. The rough yellow mucous membrane of 'the first
stomach is visible around the opening common to the two cavities when the second is
cut open. The orifice leading to the third stomach occurs about one inch below the
last mentioned opening and it looks backwards. I t is a narrow slit one-fifth of an
inch in breadth, and the mucous membrane immediately around it is not convoluted-
On laying the channel open it is found to dilate suddenly into a tube about half an
inch in diameter, but at its lower third it expands even to about twice that dimension,
again contracting to half an inch at its orifice leading to the third stomach.
The third stomach (fig. 5, iii.) lies below the opening from the second stomach,
being distant from it about two inches, viz., the length of the channel between
these two cavities.
I t assumes the form of a tube bent upon itself, and the convexity of the bend
which is directed anteriorly is on a level with the upper opening of the funnel-like
passage leading into it from the second stomach, while its left side lies parallel
with the same passage. The pyloric orip.ce is on a level with the lower third
of the first stomach, and about an inch below the base of the sacculation
which marks the beginning of this cavity. There are some obscure folds in the
latter locality, and a few similar folds at the bend. The mucous membrane is
whitish, and presents two distinct characters. In the greater part of its extent it
is covered with a fine mesh work of more or less transverse fibres enclosing shallow
depressions or pits, with a few isolated funnel-like orifices thus resembling the
texture of a gravid Cetacean uterus. The remainder of the cavity is quite smooth,
but with occasional funnel-shaped openings about 0"‘04 in diameter. The mucous