favour of the existence of a distinct species with a shorter tail, tufted at its extremity,
and with a pelage more uniform, notably so in the posterior region of the
body. The specimen, however, is so young th a t I do not consider it to be sufficient
for the. establishment of a species. I have therefore separated the references to it
as a foot-note.1
Blyth, writing in 1844,2 stated that he was quite satisfied of the specifical identity
of S. cephalopterus and S. johnii, as he had seen many monkeys intermediate
between these two, and from his previous remarks we are led to believe that he
regarded S. cephcilopterus as the type usually distinctive of the female and S. johnii
as that more characteristic of the male, but this view he appears to have afterwards
abandoned.
There can be no doubt, however, that S. cephalopterus, S. ursinus, and
S. johnii are closely allied, and whether or not they are to be regarded as distinct
species or only local races of one and the same species depends solely on the
meaning attached to the term species. In separating these animals, which are
genetically extremely closely allied to each other and also to S. obscurus, I have
followed the generally accepted estimate of the term species, in our days, but which
to my own mind has more the significance of a local race. I t is, however, extremely
difficult to draw the line; even in two such groups as the monkeys represented
by S. entellus and S. cephalopterus (the first including under it S. schistaceus,
S. pileatus, and S. priamus, and the second comprising S. ursinus and S. johnii),
the types are separated from each other by well-marked characters, but when
S. hypoleucus is studied, these two groups are seen to be linked together by it, as
th a t form partakes of the characters of the two representative species S. entellus
and S. cephalopterus.
S e m n o p i t h e c u s u r s i n u s , Blyth.
Presbytis ursinus, Blyth, Joum. As. Soc. Beng. vol. xx. 1851, p. 155 ; Cat. Mamm. As. Soo. Mus.
1863, p. 13; Kelaart, Faun. Zeylan. 1852, p. 2.
Somewhat larger than S. cephalopterus.
P u r profuse, nearly 3^ inches long iu the adult, dark brown, passing into
black on the hands and feet and into slightly more rufous-brown on the head.
The sacral region and thighs are not grey either in the young or adult, the former
being coloured exactly like the latter, except that the head is more rufous.
Eyebrows long and black, and the beard, throat, chest and whiskers are white or
yellowish brown.
1 Cercopithecus latibarbatvs, Geoff. St.-Hil. Ann. du Mus. vol. six. 1812, p. 94; Desmarest and Verey, Nouv. Diet.
d’Hist. Nat. vol. xv. 1817, p. 578; Kuhl. Beitr. zur Zool. 1820, p. 10; Desmarest, Mamm. 1820, p. 57; Desmoulins,
Diet. Class d’Hist. Nat. vol. vii. 1825, p. 568; Lesson, Man. de Mamm. 1827, p. 35; Griffith, An. King. vol. v. 1827,
p. 11; Simla latibarbata, P. Cuv. Diet, des Sc. Nat. vol. xx. 1821, p. 32; Semnopithecus. latibarbatus, Martin, Charles-
worfh’s Mag, Nat. Hist, new ser. vol. ii. 1838, p. 439; Waterhouse, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Zool. Soo. Lond. 1898,
2nd ed. p. 4 ; Is. Geoff. St.-Hil. Cat. Mdthod des Mammif. 1861, p. 12; Dahlbom, Stud. Pam. Zool. Reg. An. 1856,
pp. 87, 89.
* £ ,o .
The remaining under parts are concolorous with the upper surface, except
th a t there is occasionally a yellowish area inside the base of the thighs, as in
S. cephalopterus.
This species is confined to the mountains of Ceylon.1 Its skull is closely
allied to that of S. cephalopterus, but in the only adult $ skull a t my disposal
for observation, the face is shorter than in it, and the nasals are somewhat
longer. In the same skull the supraorbital ridges are more strongly marked
than in the skull of S. cephalopterus, but the latter is somewhat younger. The
palate of S. cephalopterus is narrower and longer than th a t of S. ursinus and
more posteriorly contracted, the posterior palatine foramina being more compressed
and reduced in capacity than in S. ursinus, in which the anterior palatine foramina
are much larger than in S. cephalopterus. In these two forms the first-
mentioned foramina, instead of being round as in the other Indian Semnopitheci,
are laterally compressed. The skull of S. ursmus is shorter and more rounded than
S. cephalopterus, with a greater zygomatic breadth. Associated with these characters
we find S. ursmus with nearly uniform brown fur and whitish whiskers and
beard, with only the faintest trace of a paler tint on the sacral region.
The skulls of S. cephalopterus and S. ursinus are more closely allied to the
skull of S. johnii than to any other Indian Semnopithecus.
* S e m n o p i t h e c u s o b s c u r u s , Reid.
Semnopithecus obscurus,'Reid, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p'14; Martin, Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist,
new ser. vol. ii. 1888, p. 440; Nat. Hist. Quadrumana, 1841, p. 486; Is. Geoff. St.-Hil. Comptes
Rendus, 1842, vol. xv. p. 719; Blyth, Journ. As.. Soc. Bengal, vol. xii. 1848, p. 176; Cantor,
Joum. As. Soc. Bengal, yol. xv. 1846, p. 174; Horsfield, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xvii. 1846,
p. 385; Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi. 1847, p. 734; Is. Geoff. St.-Hil. Cat. Method
des Mammif. 1851> p. 12; Wagner, Schreber, Säugeth. Suppl. vol. v. 1855, p. 27, plate ii.;
Dahlbom, Stud. Fam. Zool. Reg. An. 1856, pp. 86, 89; Murie, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 742;
Gray, Cat. Monkeys and Lemurs, B. M. 1870, p. 14.
Semnopithecus albocinereus,* Lesson Sp. des Mammif. 1840, p. 65 ; Gervais, Voy. autour du Monde,
Zool. vol. i. Mammif. p. 4; Plate (animal and skull); Schinz, Syn. M amm, vol. i. 1844, p. 42 ;
Gervais, Hist. Nat. des Mammif. 1854, p. 61; Wagner, Schreber, Säugeth. Suppl. vol. v. 1855,
p. 39 (in part).
Presbytis obscura, Gray> Hand-list Mamm. B. M. 1848, p. 3; Blyth, Joum. As. Soc. vol. xiii. 1844,
p. 467 ; Ibid, 1875, vol. xliv. ex. no., p.. 10; Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Mus. 1863, p. 14..
Semnopithecus leucomystax, Müller und Schlegel, Verhandl. 1889-44, p. 59..
Semnopithecus halonifer, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, vol. i. 1849, p. 235; Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., vol. xv. 1845, p. 497 ; Ibid, 1846, vol. xvii. p. 885,
The adults of this species are ashy or brownish black, darkest on. the forehead
and the sides of the face, shoulder, and sides of the body; the hands and feet being
1 Forbes’ Eleven Tears in Ceylon, vol. ii. p. 144.
2 As the monkey on. which Desmarest’s description of S. albodnereus was founded is unknown, I shall not com-,
plicate the synonymy by giving the references to it in the text, but they are as follows:—
S. albocinereus, Desm. Mam. Suppl. (1822), p. 534; Griffith, An. King. vol. v. (1827), p. 14; Fischer, Syn.
Mamm. 1829 (in part), p. 2 0; Lesson Man. de Mamm. 1820, p. 38.
D