opinion. The four examples, referable to 'X . brunneus that had passed under my'
observation were all uniformly brown monkeys, and in this respect m strong contrast
to the description of the species given by M. Is. Geoff. St.-Hilaire, w o c Q
terised it as being distinguished I par ses long pods,
et de roux clair, par l’extrême brièveté de sa queue, &c. Now, these monkeys
without trace of annulation I hesitated to regard as the same as Is. Geoffrey s
species, more especially as the person who presented me with the specimens had
assured me that the adult was also devoid of annulatedfur. On examining the type
of M. arctoides in Paris, I found, as I expected, a monkey remarkable for the
pronounced annulation of its fur, and in the same cane along with it there was
I specimen labelled M. brmnem, uniformly brown-one of the animals that
had been forwarded to the Zoological Society of London from Calcutta. The
cursory comparison of the two confirmed me in my former view, which I again
reiterated.* But after having again looked at the type of M.melmotm, and the-
older specimen of M. brwmeus in the British Museum which served ^ c o n n e c t
the type of the latter in Calcutta with the former monkey, all the difficulty
of grouping these individuals together under one species, M. arctmdes, seemed
“ " T a m even disposed to go further and to adopt the view ■ H H 1
gated by that distinguished naturalist and my predecessor the late Mr. Blyth
S a t all these monkeys are referable to the species described by.F. Cuvier in 1825 as
M. speciosus. I t is true that this form was founded merely on a drawing made by
DuTOucel of an animal in the zoological collection at the Barrackpore Park fifteen
miles from Calcutta. Temminck, apparently from the circumstance that Cuvier s
drawing had a resemblance to the Japan ape, was led to suggest that the Barrackpore
individual had also come from Japan and had been taken to Calcutta from some of
the entrepôts of commerce in Java. There is, however, nc.evidencetosupport such
a v iew mid within the last few years, since my attention has been directed to this
subject four examples of these brown, red-faced, and stump-tailed monkeys have
passed under my notice in the Calcutta market, and all of them had come from the
region or Cachar. As F. Cuvier’s drawing of J f. specwsus is a better
— of these monkeys, all of which are referable to JC
7 4 fkem it is of the Japan ape, with its differently coloured fur and rather
Ü H well-clad tail, so markedly distinct from the tail ■ arctoides,g seems
highly probable that F. Cuvier’s drawing is founded on an animal of the Assam or
E M i that had probably been presented to the V ceregal collection at
Barrackpore by some Government official-a source from wnich that menagerie
h T b e e n frequently enriched, and to which it has always been mom or. less
B M W commencement. The second example of M brunneus that came
into my hands was given to me with the option of presenting it to the Barrackpore
collection.
H H * Proc. Zool. Sou. 1874 p. 652. • 1 s t . cU.
There can be no doubt that while the drawing of M. speciosus is not a good
representation of the Japan monkey, it is so of the form from Cachar and the
Kakhyen hills on the frontier of Yunnan; and as M. arctoides, which I hold to be
the adult, is from Cochin China, if my hypothesis of the origin of the type of
M. speciosus is rejected, there is the further alternative, as suggested by Temminck,
th a t it may have come from some Javan port. I f so, the probability would appear
to be that it was carried to Java by one of the trading vessels between that island
and Cochin China, and not from Japan.
Some doubts regarding the identity of the Japan ape with M. speciosus seem,
moreover, to have existed in the minds of the Leyden naturalists, as the former
stood for some time in the Leyden Museum under the name of M. fmeatus, the term
which Blyth has proposed should be applied to i t ; for there can be no doubt that it
is quite distinct from its southern representative, to which the term M. speciosus
would appear to be applicable. The differences which subsist between the two
forms are not merely those which I have indicated, but there are other details of a
more specific character, such as in the form of the skull, proportions of the limbs,
and structure of the generative organs of the male, which separate the one from
the other, although a t the same time there can be no doubt that they are closely
allied.
I have adopted the term M. arctoides in preference to M. speciosus, because
the type of the former exists in the Paris Museum, whereas the latter solely rests
on a drawing by Duvaucel reproduced by P. Cuvier. By relegating the term
M. speciosus to the rank of a synonym of M. arctoides, and by applying the term
fuscatus to the Japanese ape, an element of confusion is for ever removed.
M. arctoides would appear to have a considerable range of distribution, in
which, however, it conforms to that which is distinctive of a large series of the
mammalian forms which occur in the same region. I t has been obtained in Cachar,
and I have learned of its existence in Upper Assam, and have procured it alive in
the Kakhyen hills on the frontier of Yunnan, beyond which it spreads to the southeast
to Cochin China. I t seems essentially to be a bill or mountain form—th a t is,
occurring only in the mountainous regions of Cachar, absent in the valley of the
Irawady, but stretching round it into Yunnan from Upper Assam, being doubtless
distributed over the mountainous region that intervenes between the Irawady and
Cochin China.
A few parallels to the north of the most western portion of its distribution it is
represented by a closely allied species, the M. tibetanus, A. M.-Edwards, which is
even a larger and more powerful ape than M. arctoides, and clad with long and dense
fur, uniformly brown, the colour, texture, and length of its pelage being in keeping
with the more sombre and severe character of the climate of its area of distribution.
I t is also closely affined to M. fuscatus, but its relationship is most evident in the
young state, when it presents a strong resemblance to that species, in this respect
conforming to what appears to be the case generally between the young of nearly