Cempilhsous mourus, Errieten, Syst, Reg. An. 1777, p. 41; Zimmennann, Geograph. Gesch. 1780,
vol. ii. p. 193; Boddaert. Elenoh. An. 1785, p. 60; Geoff. St.-Hil. Ann. du Mus. vol. xix.
(1818), p. 93; Desmaresl, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. vol. av. 1817, p. 576; Marmn. 1880,
p. 55 j Kuhl. Beitr. zur Zool. 1820, p. 12.
SemuopMecus mourus, P. Cuv. Hist. Nat. des Mamm. Nov. 1888, pl.xii.; Horsfd. Zool. Resch.
Java, pl. (1824); Desmoulins, Diet. Class. d’Hist. Nat. vol. vii. 1825, p. 570; Lesson,
Man! de' Mamm. 1827, p. 40 ; Compl. des OEuvres de Buffon, vol. iv. 1828-80 ; Griffith,
An En», vol. v. 1827, p. 9; G. Cuvier, Règa. An. vol. i. nouv. éd. 1829, p. 94; Fischer,
B„ Mamm. 1829 (in part), p. 15; Is. Geoff. St.-Hil. Zool. Voy. de Bélanger, 1882, p. 42;
Sohlegel Essai sur la Phys. des Serpens, Pt. Gin. 1837, p. 287 ; Waterhouse, Oat. Mamm.
Mus Zool. Soo. Lond. 2nded. 1888, p. 5; Martin, Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. ii.
new ser 1888, p. 436; Nat. Hist. Monkeys, 1841, p. 478; Wagner, Schreber, Sitageth.
Suppl vol. i 1840, p. 91 ; Ibid, vol. v. 1855, p. 28; Lesson, Sp. des Mammif. 1840, p. 68;
Müller und Sohlegel, Verhandl., 1889-44, pp. 61, 76, tab. 12 bis.; Schins, Syn. Mamm.
1844 vol. ii. p. 89; Is. Geoff. Cat. des Mammif. 1851, p. 14; Hqrsfleld, Cat. Mamm. East
Ind *Co Mus (1851), p. 9; Jaequemont et Puoheran, Yoy. au Pole Sud. Zool. vol. iii.
! 1858 p 22 ; Gervais, Hist. Nat. de Mamm. 1856, p. 62 (fig. of head) ; Dahlbom, Stud. Zohl.
Pam! Reg. An. 1866, pp. '88, 90 ; Martens, Die Preus. Exped. naeh Ost. Asien, Zool. 1865,
p. 52; Gray, Cat. Monkeys and Lemurs, 1870, p. 15.
Stmio ceylouieus, Desmoulins, Diet. Class. d'Hist. Nat. vol. vii. 1825, p. 572.
Semnopithecus edvtardsii, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 1829, p. 15.
Presbytis maura, Gray, Hand-list Mamm. B. M. 1848, p. 8. ^
Presbytie mourus, Blyth, Joum. As. Soo. Beng. vol. xvi. 1847, p. 785; Cat. Mamm. As. Soo.
Mus. 1868, p. 18.
Semnopithecuspyrrhus, Horsfd., Horsfield, Zool. Resch. Java, 1821 (plate) ; Cat. Mamm. E. Ind. Co.
Mus Zool Soo. 1888, 2nd ed. p. 5 ; Martin, Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist, new ser. vol. n.
1888, p. 488 ; Wagner, Schreber, Sâugeth. Suppl vol. i. 1840, p. 94 ; Lesson, Sp. des Mammif.
1840* p 64 ; Is. Geoff. St.-Hil. Cat. Méthod. des Mammif. 1851, p. 15.
Presbytis pyrrius, Gray, Hand-list Mamm. B. M. 1848, p. S j Blyth, Joum. As. Soo. Beng.
vol. xliv. 1875, ex. no. p. 10.
The body, generally, covered with rather long deep black hair in the adult,
which becomes tipped or intermixed with silvery white in the old animal. The under
surface of the body is less densely covered than the back, and the abdomen is nearly
naked. The hair on the head is either erectly divergent all round the face and over
the upper front of the head, or in some it may radiate from a centre, being long and
bushy on the sides of the faoe, becoming directed backwards on the cheeks, and
passing under the ears in the form of pointed whiskers. In some animals there is
a white spot a t the base of the tail beneath, hut this character is very variable. The
face is black, with a kind of warm tint, and is rather flat.
Length of body 1 foot 5-50 inohes, length of tail 1 foot 11-50 inches.
The young are uniform reddish brown, but the change from this oolour to that
of the adult is soon inaugurated and begins first on the extremities of the animal
as grey, and afterwards shows itself on the upper surface of the head, on the
shoulders and flanks, which become black, this colour rapidly spreading all over the
body and last disappearing on the whiskers.
The form described by Horsfield as S. •pyrrhus, and which is associated in Java
with S, tnaurus, appears to be only a variety of the latter species, as its form and
proportions are alike, and because the distribution of the hair on the head is the
same in both. I t would seem to be only a persistent condition of the colour
characters of youth, the fur, instead of changing to black, becoming a deeper tint of
the colour distinctive of the animal at birth. I t has not been satisfactorily established
that this rufous variation is solely characteristic of the female, as has been
suggested by some authors. Whatever may be the true nature of this remarkable
variation or persistence of the youthful type, it is not at all a common circumstance,
and such individuals are highly prized in Java.
One of the leading features of the skull as compared with the skulls of the other
species of Semnopitheci is the narrowness of the external nasal orifice and the
little marked concavity that exists between the extremity of the nasals and the
premaxillaries. The latter bones are somewhat contracted over the root of the second
incisor, so that if the line of their suture with the maxillary at th a t point were produced
downwards, it would cut through the middle of that tooth. Such being the
limited character of the premaxillaries a t that part, they suddenly expand between
the roots of the second incisor and the canine. The orbits are small compared with
the skulls of such forms as S. melalophus, and their greatest diameter is oblique,
passing downwards and outwards from the nasal process of the frontal to the lower
third of the orbital surface of the malars. The frontal is full and arched, and the
interorbital septum is of moderate breadth and length. The inferior margin of the
nasals is but little above the lower margin of the orbits, which is very different
from what is the case in 8. femoralis, in which the orbits are very large with
the lower or free margins of the nasals only a little below the level of their
centres. Associated with this character is a more forwardly projected muzzle with
the front border of the nasals nearly in the same plane as the dental portion of the
premaxillaries.
Habitat.—Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, neighbouring islands and Java.
S e m n o p i t h e c u s c r i s t a t u s , Baffles.
Si mi a cristatus, Baffles, Trans. Linn. Soo. vol. xiii. 1822, p. 245.
Semnopithecus pruinosus, Desmarest, Mamm. 1820, Suppl. p. 388; Desmoulins, Diet. Class. d'Hist.
Nat. vol. vii. 1825, p. 569; Griffith, An. King. vol. v. 1827, p. 10; Lesson, Man. de Mamm.
1827, p. 41; Is. Geoff. St.-Hil. Zool. du Voy. de Bdianger, 1884, p. 4; Waterhouse, Cat. Zool.
Soo. Mus. Lond. 1888, 2nd ed. p. 5; Wagner, Schreber, Säugeth. Suppl vol. i. 1840, p. 92; Ibid,
vol. v. Suppl. 1855, p. 24; Lesson, Sp. des Mammif. 1840, p. 62; Gervais, Hist. Nat. des
Mammif. 1854, p. 62 (fig. head).
Semnopithecus mitratus, Cuv. Reg. Animal, 1829, nouv. ¿d. vol. i. p. 4 (in part).
Semnopithecus maurus, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 1829, p. 15 (in part).
Semnopithecus cristatus, Müller, Tijdschr. voor Natuur. Gesch. en. Phys. vol. ii. 1885, pp. 816, 828;
Schlegel, Essai sur la Phys. des Serpens, Pt. Gdn. 1887, p. 287; Martin, Charlesworth's Mag. Nat,
Hist, new ser. vol. ii. 1888, p. 485 ; Nat. Hist. Quadr. 1841, p. 476; Gray, Hand-list Mamm.
B. M. 1848, p. 8 '; Müller und Schlegel, Verhandl. 1889-44, pp. 61; 77, tab. 12, fig. 1 (young);
Schinz, Syn. Mamm. vol. i. 1844, p. 89; .Cantor, Joum. As. Soc. vol. xvi. 1846, p. 175; Is.
Geoff. St,-Hil. Cat. Method, des Mammif. 1851, p. 11; Horsfield, Cat. Mamm. E. Ind. Co.