V a iH an t lia s d e s c r ib e d th e s e p la n ts u n d e r th e n am e o f TIepatica a n d Hepaticoides, b u t
h a s a d d e d little to w h a t D ille n iu s h a d d o n e , e x c e p t n o tic in g , in m a n y in s ta n c e s , th e v ag in® ,
a n d th e q u a d r if id c a p su le s .
O u r c o u n trym a n , R a y , is m o re p a r tic u la r in th is r e sp e c t. “ L i c h e n a s t rum * ,” h e s a y s ,
“ e s t M u s e i g e n u s f e rtile , v e l, si p la c e t, flo rib u s in s ig n e , c u ju s c a p itu la lo n gUise iilis p e d ic u lis
in n a s c e n tia p e r m a tu r ita tem in q u a tu o r p le ru r a q u e ffiquales p a r t e s , c ru c ifo rm em flo rem
re f e re n te s , a d b a s in u s q u e d iv id u n tu r , e t fa r in am em ittu n t te n u is s in iam , a p icum in flo rib u s
p e r f e c tio r ib u s p o llin i r e s p o n d c n te iu , l ic e t h ie u su s n e c r e liq u is M u s c is d e n e g a l i q u e a t,
cum c a p itu lo rum p u lv is s im ilem p ro r s u s f ig u r am e t s tru c tu r am o b tin e a t, si a rm a to oculo
e x am in e tu r . C e t e r ù m S im plic ia e t n u d a s u n t c a p itu la , s in g u la n c n ip e s in g u lis p e d ic u lis
p lu s m in ù sv e lo n g is in s id e n tia , e v a g iu à n u n c s im p lic i, luinc b iv a lv i, n u n c in p lu r e s p a r t e s
p e r sum m ita tem d iv is a e g re d ie n tib u s , q u ib u s a L ic h e n e c la ris s im ò d i s tin g u itu r h o c g e n u s .”
T h i s , h ow e v e r , in c lu d e s o u r g e n u s ^níAoceros, w h ich fo rm s h is f i r s t d iv is io n : “ L i c h e n -
a s trum c a p itu lis b if a r iam s e a p e r ie n tib u s .” H i s se c o n d com p ris e s o u r Jm g e rm a n n ic e :
“ L ic h e n a s trum c a p itu lis in q u a tu o r s e gm e n ta f lo rid a , ta n q u am to tid em p é ta la s e a p e r ì-
e n t ib i i s : ” a n d th is is s u b d iv id e d in to “ F o l i i s v a r ie e t m in u s d e te rm in a te d iv is is ,” o u r
J u n g e rm a nm a fr o n d o s a ; a n d “ F o liis fig u r® m a g is d e te rm in a tip ,” c om p r is in g th e J u n g e r -
m a n n ia fo liá c e a .
M ic h e li, w ith h is a c c u s tom e d ta l e n t fo r d is c r im in a tio n , h a s d iv id e d th e g e n u s J u n g e r -
maniiia in to th r e e ; b u t h a s t a k e n c h a r a c te r s from tlie h a b it o f th e p la n t, r a th e r th a n from
th e f ru c tific a tio n , w h ic h u n fo r tu n a te ly will n o t b e a r h im o u t. H i s f ir s t g e n u s , M a r s ilea
(our J u n g e rm a n n ia fro n d o s a ) “ e s t p la n t® g e n u s flo re m o n o p e ta lo , c am p a n ifo rm i, p a te n te ,
in q u a tu o r p ro fu n d a s p a r t e s d ìs s e c to , a c v e iu ti q u a tu o r p e ta lis c o n s ta r e v id e tu r , s e d s te rili
f ilam e n tis a u t p o tiù s , c u ra c la ris s im ò C o lum n a , s tam in ib u s te n u is s im is , e t p u iv e ru le n tis
n u n c in m e d io , n u n c a d e x tr em um d o n a to . I d em c a ly c e c a r e t, e t p e d íc u lo in s ld e t a e e
v a g in a tu b u la tà e g r e d itu r . C a p su l® a u tem s em in a le s p e r e x ig u® in p la iitis p le rum q u e non
f lo rife ris , in n o n n u llis sp e c ie b u s p e r to tam fo lio rum su p e rfic ie ra , in a liis v e ro p e r e o rum
e x tr em ita tem o c c u r ru n t in q u a rum s in u ra u n ic um e t ro tu n d um h a b e tu r s em e n a n d th is
th o u g h i t m a y a t f ir s t s ig h t a p p e a r th e m o s t n a tu r a l o f th e th r e e , y e t is m o s t v a ria b le
in p o in t o f its fru c tific a tio n in th e d iffe re n t sp e c ie s o f w h ic h i t is com p o s e d . W i tli him
th e s e c o n d g e n u s , Ju iig e rm a n n ia , is “ a M a r s ile a d iv e r s um , foliis in s u r c u lis b in o o rd in e
T r ic h om a n is e t P o ly g o n a ti m o r e q u o d am te n u s d isp o s itis . S em in a in e x te rn ii p l a n t a rum
p a r t e e x t a n t ; ” a n d h is th i r d , “ Mwscofdes,” h e s a y s , “ e s t p la n t® g e n u s a b J u n g e r in a n n i á
^ is c r e p a n s s u rc u lis tr ib u s , q u a tu o r v e l q u in q u é fo lio rum o rd in ib u s v e s titis : in fe rio re s v e ro
o rd in c s su p e r io r íb u s s u n t v a ld e m in o re s . S em in a n o n in e x te rn a fo lio rum p a r t e s e d
r e c o n d ito in sin u sq u am a rum c u ju s d am fru c tiis , q u i lo c u s ta rum G r am in is am o ris fo rm am
p r® s e f e re n s , p e r su rc u lo s v e l p e r p la n ta s n o n f lo rífe ra s in n a s c i so lc t.” T h u s , in J im g e r -
m a n n ia , tliis a u th o r h a s ta k e n th e g em m ® , a n d in Muscoides a n d M a r s ilea , th e a n th e r s , fo r
th e s e e d s ; a n d h a s m a d e th e c h a r a c t e r d e p e n d , in a g r e a t m e a s u r e , u p o n tlie ir r e s p e c tiv e
s itu a tio n s . T h e c a p s u le h e c o n s id e r s a m o n o p e ta lo u s , c am p a n u la te , s te r ile o r m a le flow e r
* Rail S y n . S tirp . B rit. ed. 0. p . 109.
A s lig h t a lte r a tio n on ly is m a d e b y H a l le r , w h o , in h is E n um e ra tio S tir p . H e lv ., r e ta in s
th e g e n e r a e s ta b lish e d b y M ic h e li, om ittin g , h ow e v e r, th e s e e d s in th e i r c h a r a c te r s , a n d
a d d in g to M a rsilea th e jie c u lia rity o f th e filam e n ts b e in g ro lle d in , a n d a tllic r in g , lik e a
sp o n g e , to th e m id d le o f th e flow e r (c a p su le ), w h ic h , in d e e d , is b y n o m e a n s th e ca se
, w itli a n y o f th e fam ily , e x c e p t J . epiphy lla.
D ille n iu s n e x t com e s a g a in to b e c o n s id e r e d , in h is H is to r ia Muscorum, w h e re h e h a s
g iv e n a m o r e e n la rg e d c h a r a c te r to h is Jjichenastrum ; a n d , a f te r s a y in g th a t th e n am e is
d e r iv e d f rom th e re s em b la n c e o f its flow e rs to th o s e o f a L ic h e n , a d d s t h a t i t is, “ M u se i
g e n u s flo re a n th e r a c e o n u d o , a h initio g lo b o so , d e in in q u a tu o r la c in ia s a d b a s iin u sq u e
d iv iso , te tr a p e ta lo id e , flo rem G a lii r e f e r e n te , fa rin am s p a rg e n te te n e r am m a s cu lin am , c t
p e d íc u lo te n e ro p e llu c id o , s in g o lo s in g u lo in s id e n te , e th e c a s eu c a ly c e n u n c s im p lic i e t
in te g ro , n u n c q u a s i b iv a lv i, n u n c in p lu r e s la c in ia s p e r sum m ita tem diviso e g r e d ie n te ;
q u ib u s n o tis a L ic h e n e c la ris s im è d i s tin g u itu r h o c g e n u s . F® m in in a s em in a m e a d h u c
la te n t in p le r is q u e om n ib u s sp e c ieb u s .” I l e h a s , h ow e v e r , e x c lu d e d J . Trichomanis, o f
w h ich h e d o e s n o t a p p e a r to h a v e k n ow n th e f ru c tific a tio n , a n d h a s m a d e i t a M n ium ,
from th e p ow d e ry c a p itu la w h ic h h e saw a t th e te rm in a tio n o f th e b ra n c h e s .
L in n s u s , a t le n g th , in tlie la s t ed itio n o f th e S y s tem a N a tu r a , firm ly e s ta b lish e d th e
g e n u s J v n g e rm a n n ia , a n d a t tr ib u te d to i t th e fo llow in g c h a r a c te r :
“ M a s c . p e d im c u la tu s , m id u s . A n tlie r a q u a d riv a lv is .
F em. s e s s ilis n u d iis , s e in in ib iis s u b ro tu n d is .”
A b o u t tw e n ty - f iv e y e a r s s u b s e q u e n tly , in 176 0 , th e a c c u ra te S c hm id e l p ro d u c e d his
D is s e r ta tio de Ju iig e rm a n n ia charactere, in w h ich , a f te r a n e la b o r a te h is to ry , h e d e te rm in e d
u p o n th e fo llow in g c h a r a c te r . “ J u n g e rm a n n iam ,” h e s a y s , “ v o c am u s A l g s . g e n u s , in
c u ju s
M ascdlino F lo r e v a r ii s itu s , v e l in e àd em v e l in d is tin c ta p la n ta a u t ram o ,
C al. n u llu s .
Cor. n u lla .
S iam . A n th e r® n u d® , v e s ic u la re s ve l fa rinos®, ab sq u e fiUs.
F em in in o F l o r e ;
Cal. m u ltifo rm is , m o n o p h y llu s a u t b ilo b u s.
Cor. m o n o p e ta la , lim b o v a r ié s e c to , f r e q u e n tè r b ila b ia to .
P i s t . G e rm en o v a tum v e l s u b ro tu n d um , co ro lla te c tu m ; S ty lu s coro ll® im -
p o s itu s , r e c tu s ; S tigm a sim p lic issim um .
P e r . V a scu lum p e d ú n c u lo r e c to , u l t r a c a lic em e t c o ro llam e le v a tum , su b ro -
tim d um , v e l o b lo n g um , u n ilo c u la re , f ilam e n tis r e p le tu r a , q u a d r iv a lv e , valvis
Iia te iitib u s .
Scm. P lu r im a , m in u ta , s u b ro tu n d a .”
H a l le r , in h is S tirp e s H e lv e tic a , h a s a lte r e d th e c h a r a c te r w h ich h e h a d p rev io u s ly
g iv e n in h is E n um e ra tio , f a k in g a d v a n ta g e o f th e la b o rs o f M iche li, L in n® u s , a n d
S c hm id e l ; m a k in g n o m e n tio n , h ow e v e r , o f e ith e r m a le o r fem a le fru c tific a tio n , b u t v e ry
p ro p e r ly in c lu d in g in th e g e n u s th o s e J u iig e rm a n n ia which L in n® u s a n d S c hm id e l h a d
m a d e M n ia ; a n d o b s e rv in g , “ P lu rim ® J u n g e rm a im i® , fo r te e t om n e s , p r s t e r e a f