Form and
SamificalioD.
T h e s e se em to a n sw e r to th e “ R a d ic e s p r im a r i a f w h ich H e d w ig d e s c rib e s in
th e M o s s e s , a n d tlie “ pi'imordiales” o f B r i d c l : w h ils t th e f ib ro u s o n e s a r e th e “ Ra d ic e s
5«ccc<ffl7jeiE” o f th e sam e a u th o r . T h e fo rm e r a r e th u s d e fin e d by h im ; “ Q u o a d o r ig in em ,
ra d ic e s su n t v e l p rim o rd ia le s, qii® a semiiiis in p la n tu lam c x p lic a tio n e p r® so n te s fu e ru n t,
v e l succedaneee, q u a s c au lis p a r te su a in fe rio re d iv e r s is tem p o rib u s em is it. R a d ix a u tem
p r im o rd ia lis , p rre s c rtim s i u n ic a e t c ra s s iu s c u la s it, n o n r a r o in ip s um c a u le in it a c o n -
tin u a tiir , u t v ix d ig n o s c e re q u e a s u bi hie in c ip ia t, ilia d e s iiia t.” {B r id . M use . H is t. i . p . 6.)
A ll th e s p e c ie s th a t I h a v e y e t o b s e rv e d to p o s s e s s “ R a d ic e s p rim o rd ia le s f a r e n e a r ly
e r e c t in th e ir m o d e o f g row th , a n d a r e fo u n d g row in g in e a r th , w h e r e th e s e ro o ts p e n e tr a te
to v a r io u s d e p th s , o r c re e p h o riz o n ta lly j u s t b e n e a th th e su r f a c e . Tn th o s e sp e c ie s w h ich
a re p ro s tr a te in th e ir p la c e s o f g row th , th e fib ro u s ro o ts a lo n e a r e f o u n d ; a n d , b y m e a n s
o f th e s e , th e y a r e m o r e o r le s s firm ly a tta c h e d to soil o f v a r io u s k in d s , to r o c k s , t r u n k s o f
t r e e s , a n d d e c a y e d w o o d , o r to M o s s e s , a n d ev en o th e r Ju n g e rm a n n i® . J . p la ty p h y lla ,
a n d , p ro b a b ly , a ll th e in d iv id u a ls t h a t a r e so d e n s e ly im b r ic a te d , s e n d fo r th ro o ts , w h ich
s tr ik e in to th e le a v e s o f tlie ir own s tem s o v e r w h ic h th e y h a p p e n to lie , a n d f rom th em
a p p e a r to d r aw n o u r is hm e n t (S e e S u p p l. ta b . 3).
S T E M S .
T h e s tem s o f J u n g e rm a n n i® m a y likew'ise b e s e p a r a te d in to tw o k i n d s ; su c h a s a r c
fu rn ish e d w ith le a v e s ( th e J u iig e rm a n n ia fo l io s a o f A u th o r s ) , a n d th e Ju n g e rm a n n ia
frondoscE. J .p v s i l l a (tab. 69) a n d J . B la s ia (lab. 8 2 , 8 3 , 84) s e em to b e in te rm e d ia te ;
b u t, in g e n e r a l, th e c h a r a c te r is v e ry c le a rly im p r e s s e d u p o n th e p la n ts , a n d th e y m ay
b e d is tin g u is h e d b y th e ir f ir s t a sp e c t.
T h e f i r s t a re b y f a r th e m o s t n um e ro u s in p o in t o f sp e c ie s , a n d a r e , fo r th e m o s t p a r t ,
c y lin d ric a l, o r ta p e r in g g r a d u a lly tow a rd s th e e x t r e m i ty : in J . incisa (tab. 10) th e y a r e
d e p r e s s e d : e r e c t in th e i r g row th in J . H o o k e ri ( ta b . 5 4 ) , J . asp kn io id e s (tab. 1 3 ), & c .;
a n d p ro c um b e n t in J - hicuspidata (tab . 1 1 ), J . hyssacea (tab. 12), a n d m a n y o th e r s : sim p le
in J . lanceolata (tab. 1 8 ), J . excisa (tab. 9 ) , J - exsecta (tab. 1 9 ) : s lig h tly b r a n c h e d in J .p u m i la
(tab. 1 7 ), J - p u s illa (tab. 69) : v e ry m u c h b r a n c h e d in J . d ila ta ta (tab. 5 ), J . M a c k a ii
(tab. 5 3 ), a n d J . s e rp y llifo lia (tab. 42).
I n g e n e r a l th e b r a n c h e s a r e i r r e g u la r ly s c a t t e r e d ; b u t in J . reptans (tab. 7 5 ), J - Woodsii
(tab . 6 6 ), a n d J . T amarisc i (tab . 6 ), th e y a r e p in n a te o r b ip in n a te : som e tim e s th e s tem s a re
d ich o tom o u s , a s in J . spinulosa (tab . 14).
B e s id e s th o s e b r a n c h e s , w h ic h , i f I m a y so e x p r e s s m y s e lf, u n fo ld th em s e lv e s w ith
th e r e g u la r g row th o f th e p la n t, innovations a r e v e ry f r e q u e n t u p o n th e s tem s o f J u n g e r -
m a n n u x f o l i o s a ; a n d i t is p ro b a b le , th a t a lm o s t e v e ry sp e c ie s , a t som e o r o th e r p e r io d o f
its e x is te n c e , p ro d u c e s th em . I n s ta n c e s m a y b e se e n in J . h y a lin a (tab . 6 3 ), J . compressa
(tab. 5 8 ), J . c ren u la ta (tab. 3 7 ), &c. T h e s e m u s t b e c a r e fu lly a tte n d e d t o ; o r , o th e rw is e ,
f rom th e s h o o tin g fo r th o f a n in n o v a tio n im m e d ia te ly b e n e a th a c a ly x , th e f ru c tific a tio n
will a p p e a r la te r a l, w h ic h is, in re a lity , te rm in a l.
W h a t I h a v e s a id o f th e s tem s o f th e Foliaceous Junge rmannic c , a p p lie s eq u a lly to th e
5, e x c e p t th a t, in th em , th e s tem s , o r n e rv e s a s tlie y a r e c a lle d in th e s e , a r e
r a r e ly c y lin d ric a l. I n J . pubescens (tab. 73) a n d J . f u r c a t a (tab. 55) th e y a p p e a r to be
so ; b u t, in J . B la s ia , J . p in g u is , a n d J . m u lt i fd a , th e y a r e m u c h d e p r e s s e d . T h e y a re
p r o s t r a te o r p ro c um b e n t in J . L y e ilii (tab. 7 7 ), J . hibernica (tab. 7 8 ), a n d m o s t o f th is
fam ily : e r e c t in J . muUijida (tab . 45) ; in .w b ip h sp e c ie s lik ew is e o c c u r e x am p lc s o f v a g u e
a n d r e g u la r ly p in n a tif id r am ific a tio n . I n J . f u r c a t a (ta b . 5 5 ) th e b r a n c h e s a r e d ic h o tom o u s .
I n th e s am e p la n t, to o , a n d in J . l y e i l i i ( ta b . 77) a n d J. ep ip h y lla (ta b . 4 7 ), in n o v a tio n s
a r e v e ry common.,
T h e p r in c ip a l diffe ren c e b e tw e e n th e J u n g e rm a n n ia . fr o n d o s a a n d th e Jungermanni*
fo lio s a , c o n s is ts in th e s tem s o f th e la t te r b e in g p ro v id e d w ith p ro c e s s e s , w h ich , from
tlie ir s im ila rity to th e le a v e s in th e p hæ n o g am o u s p la n ts , a r e d is tin g u is h e d b y th e sam e
n am e , w h ils t, in th e fo rm e r , th e s tem s a r e e ith e r w h o lly n a k e d , o r a r e fu rn is h e d with
m a rg in a l e x p a n s io n s th r o u g h o u t th e ir e n tir e le n g th , w h ich , th o u g h o f th e sam e n a tu r e as
th e le a v e s , a n d th o u g h lo b e d , a n d ev e n p in n a tifid , a s in J. B la s ia (tab. 8 2 ), a r c n e v e r so
d e e p ly c u t a s to e n title th em to th a t a p p e lla tio n . A m o n g th e s e m a y b e re c k o n e d J . epiphy lla,
J,, L y e i l i i , J , hibe rnica, J . f u r c a t a , a n d J . pubescens; a n d , o f th e n a k e d - s tem r a e d spe c ie s,
J . p in g u is a n d J . m u l t i fd a a r e th e o n ly o n e s w ith which I am a c q u a in te d .
T h e s t r u c tu r e o f th e s tem s is v e ry s im p le , a n d a lto g e th e r c e llu la r. T h e structure of
sm a ll, s e p a r a te d b y th in p e llu c id m em b r a n e s ; tlie ir fig u r e o b lo n g ; a n d th e ir su b s ta n c e
fille d w ith a c o lo rle s s flu id , m ix e d w ith e x tr em e ly m in u te g r a n u le s , o f a g r e e n o liv e o r
p u rp le c o lo r, w h e n th e p la n t is in v ig o r , wh ich c o n s e q u e n tly g iv e s th e s am e tin g e to th e
vyholc o f th e s tem s . W h e n th e s e a r c o f a d i r ty b row n c o lo r, i t a r is e s , p ro b a b ly , f rom an
in ju r e d a n d d e c a y e d s ta te o f tlie o u te r c e llu le s ; a n d th e s tem th e n be com e s b r i t t k : it is
o th e rw is e p lia b le , a n d , in th e y o u n g e r p la n ts , ev en flaccid.
L E A V E S .
T h e le a v e s o f J u n g e rm a n n i® v a ry rem a rk a b ly in th e i r inse rtion, d ire c tio n , ecaà. fig u r e , Leaves,
a n d g e n e r a lly a ffo rd e x c e lle n t sp e c ific m a rk s o f d is c rim in a tio n am o n g th e spe c ie s.
N o in s ta n c e w h a te v e r is k n ow n o f th e le a v e s o f th e s e p la n ts b e in g s itu a te d o n fo o t- inseriion and
s t a lk s : th e y a r e a lw ay s s e s s ile , a n d n o t ev e n c o n tr a c te d a t th e b a s e ; b u t, in m a n y in s ta n c e s ,
a s , fo r e x am p le , in J . a sp kn io id e s (ta b . 13) a n d J . spinulosa (tab . 14), th e y a r e d e c u r r e n t.
I n a lm o s t a ll th e sp e c ie s w ith b ifa rio u s le av e s , th e y h a v e a n o b liq u e in s e r t io n ; th a t is to
s a y , o n e a n g le o f th e b a s e is fix e d in th e b a c k o f th e p la n t, w h ils t th e o p p o s ite o n e is se e n
b e fo re i t : th u s th e le a f is o b liq u e ly s em iam p lc x ic a u l. I n th e sp e c ie s w ith m u ltifa rio u s
le a v e s , suçh a s J . H o o k e ri, J . s e tifo rm is (ta b . 2 0 ), & c .,.th e b a s e h a l f em b ra c e s th e stem
t r a n s v e r s e ly . In J . p u s illa (ta b . 6 9 ) th e le a v e s h a v e th e i r b a s e ru n n in g p a r a lle l w ith th e
s tem .
I n a ll th e p la n ts w ith b if a r io u s le a v e s , e ith e r tlie superior o r th e in fe r io r surface o f th e Imbricatioa.
s tem is m o r e o r le s s c o n c e a le d b y th e im b ric a tio n o f th e le av e s ; a n d th e s e tw o k in d s
o f im b ric a tio n a ffo rd e x c e lle n t c h a r a c te r s fo r s u b d iv id in g th e g e n u s . T h u s , in J . h ya lin a
( ta b .,6 3 ) a n d J . S p h a g n i (ta b . 3 3 ) th e im b ric a tio n is in f e r io r ; w h ilst in J . M a c k a ii (ta b . 5 3 ),
J . H u lc h in s ia (tab . 1), J . Trichomanis (ta b . 7 9 ), a n d J . d ila ta ta (tab . 5 ), it is su p e r io r