to tliem, thus in Pottia they are conical and also in many species of Barhula
and Tortula; in others again they are cleft in the centre by a semilunar
excavation, and in some as just mentioned, still more lobulate like a wart.
Tlie teetli of the peristome are also usually rough with minute papillæ,
and tliey exhibit such gradual stages of development in the membrane which
unites them at base, from a scarcely projecting band to a long tesselated tube,
that the variations fail to afford a generic character, though available for
minor groups.
Of still less value is the direction of the teeth, for they may be quite
straight, or ascend obliquely, or form a half spiral or one of several turns.
Three European genera do not enter into our Flora, AscUsma L in d b .
founded on Phascum camiolicum, Molendoa L in d e , for Ancectangium Hornschuchii
and its variety Sendtnen, and Scopelophila M it t e n = M‘«rc«j'a S c h im p . allied
to Encalypta. Special papers on this family are S c h u l t z " Recensio generum
Barbulce et Syntrichiæ ” in Nova Acta Phys.-Med. acad. cæs. Leop. Carolin.
nat. cur. xi. I, i g i (1823), D e N o t a r is “ Musci Italici.’’ fasc. 1, Tortula (1862) ;
and L in d b e r g “ De Tortulis et ceteris Trichostomaceis Europceis" in Oefv. af kon.
vetens. akad. Foerhandl. xxi (1864). Schultz remarks on the difficulty of
separating some Tortulæ from Trichostomum.
Subf. I . TO R TU L EÆ . Calyptra cucullate. Teeth of peristome
papillose, straight or contorted, i6, cleft to base or more or less united into a
tube ; sometimes wanting, or the capsule may be inoperculate.
I . E P H E M E R U M H a m p e .
(Flora, 1837, P- 2S5.)
Plan ts simple, minute, gregarious, with persistent, dichotomous,
fasciculate-branched protonema forming a byssaceous tuft. L e a v e s
sparingly chlorophyllose, the cells rhomboidal, lax, hyaline ; smooth or
papillose. C a lyp tra thin, campanulate, c le ft on one side or la c e rate at
base. Capsu le immersed in the perichætium, g lob ose, ap icu late , c le is tocarpous,
composed o f two stra ta o f cells, w itho ut special spore sa c or
co lum ella ; spores large. Male plants v ery small, nestling near the
female on the same protonema, b ra cts 3— 4, with few or no paraphyses.
Inhabiting moist bare p la c e s .— Der. crpygepos, evanescent.
Among the most minute of mosses, and only evident by the numerous
individuals aggregated into patches ; their structure also is frail and delicate
and they seem incapable of maintaining independent existence, but like poo^
weakly children, retain their nurse on the establishment all through their
short lives, m their supporting protonema ; yet when brought under the
microscope they prove to be veritable little gems, and well repay careful
investigation. About 18 species are known, chiefly from N, America and
the Cape of Good Hope, and although they have been usually placed with
the Funariaceæ, their affinity appears to be greaterwith the genus FAas»«»;,
both m the calyptra and areolation.
C l a v is to t h e S p e c i e s .
Leaves nerveless.
Leave.s ovato-lanceolate, spores rough. serratum.
Leaves lanceolate-acuminate, spores smooth, minutissimum.
Leaves nerved.
Nerve lost in lower half of leaf. intermedium.
Nerve distinct below.
Nerve vanishing at apex. cohærens.
Nerve excurrent.
Leaves lanc.-subulate, nerve width of base. stcnophyllum.
Leaves oblong-linear, nerve ^ width of base. recurvifolium.
I. EPHEMEEUM SERRATUM [Schreb.) Hampe.
L e a v e s ovato-lanceola te, nerveless, serrate. Capsu le immersed,
glossy purple, oval-globose with a blunt point, spores rough.
(T. X X V I I , A.)
S y n ,— Phascum serratum S c h r e b , de Phasco g, t. 2 {1770), Spic. Fl. lips. 73 (1771). W e b ,
Spic. fl. goett. 124 (1778). W iG G . Prim, fl, hols. 81 (1780). D i c k s . P I. crypt. Fasc. I,
I , t. I , fig. I (1785), R o t h Fl. germ, i, 452 {1788) et iii, P . I, 115, T im m Pr. fl. meg.
n, 720 (1788). Eng. Bot. t. 460. S c h r a d . Spic. fl. germ, i, 58 (1794), W i t h . bot.
arr. br. veg. 3 ed. iii, 785 (1796}. B r i d . Musc. rec. II, P. I, 11 {1798), Sp. musc. I, 2
(1806), Mant, 6 (1819), Bry. univ. i, 28 (1826), H u l l Br. fl. P. 2, 251 (1799}. R o e h l .
Moosg. deutsch. ig (1800), Deutsch. fl. iii, 33 (1813), Ann. wet. ges, i, 183. H e d w . Sp.
musc. 23 (1801). Sm . FI. brit. lii, 1166 {1804). T u r n . Musc. hib. 4 (1804). P. B e a u v ,
Prodr. 82 (1805). S c h u l t z Fl. starg. 271 (1806). W e b . M o h r . Bot. Tasch. 71 (1807),
S c h k u h r Deutsch. kr. gew. P . 2, 10, t. 4 (1810}. S c h w a e g . Suppl. I, P . I, 6 (1811),
V o i t M u s c . herb, g (1812). L a P y l . Journ. Bot. 1813, p. 285, t. 20, f. 17. M a r t . Fl.
cr. erl. 124 (1817). H o o k . T a y l . M u s c . br. 4, t. 5 (1818). G r a y Nat. arr, br. pl. i, 710
(1821). F u n c k Moost. 2, t, i (1821}. H o o k . Fl. scot. P. II, 121 (1821), Brit. fl. ii, 2
(1833). N e e s H s c h . Bry. germ, i, 35, t. 4, f. i (1823). H u e b e n . M u s c . germ. 2 (1833).
H a r t m . Skand. fl. M a c k . Fl. hib. P. 2, 7 {1836). B r . S c h im p . Bry, eur. fasc. i, p. 6,
t, I (1837). D e N o t , Syll. musc. 313 (1838). W i l s . Bry. brit. 26, t. 5 {1855). H o b k .
Syn. br, m. 26 (1873).
Phascwn stoloniferuin D ic k s . Pl. crypt, fasc III, i, t. 7, f. 2 (1793). W i t h . op. c. 786.
Hull op. c. 252. Sm, FI. Brit. 1157, Eng. Bot. t. 2006.
Phase, velutinum H o f f m . Deutsch. fl. ii, 20 (1796),
Phase, confervoidcs B r id . M u sc . rec. I I , P. I, 12. R o e h l . Deutsch. moos, 20. P. B e a u v .
Prodr. 81.
Ephemerum serratum H a m p e in Flora 1837, P* -^5* R a b e n h . Deutsch. kr. fl. ii, S. 3, 84
(1848). C. M u e l l . in Bot. Zeit. 1S47, P' ! Syn. musc. i, 31 (184g). B r . S c h im p .
Bry. eur. fasc. 42, Mon. 3, t. i (1849). S c h im p . Synops. 3 (i860). B e r k . Handb. br.
rri. 304 (1863). D e N o t . Epil. briol. ital. 742 (1869). M i l d e Bry. siles. 190 (iS6g).
J a e g e r Ber. der St. Gall. nat. gesells. 1S69, p. 98. H u s n . M o u s s . nord-ouest 32 (1873).
J u r a t z , Laubm. oester.-ung. 4 (18S2). L e s q . J a m e s Mosses N. Amer. 37 (1884).
Dio icou s ; plants very minute, nestling in dense in tr ica te deep green
protonema. L e a v e s nerveless, erecto-patent, 5— 9, lower v ery small
ovato-acumina te, upper much larger, ovato-lanceolate, the margin
coa rsely and irregularly serrate to below the middle ; cells lax hyaline,
rhombo-hexagonal, upper smaller, more or less incrassate. Caps,
immersed, almost sessile, subglobose, shortly apiculate, glossj- rufous
purple ; ca lyp. whitish, reaching middle of caps, bi-tr ilacerate ; spores
50— 100, ferruginous, granulated. Male pl. near the female, fuscescent ;
b ra c ts 3, ov a to -lan ceo la te toothed.
H ab .— Damp clay fields and ditch-banks ; not rare. Fr. 12— 2.