long, branching from the base, thick and rigid, deeply striate. Leaves threeourths
of an inch long, coriaceous, the midrib very prominent underneath.
Heads on very short peduncles in the forks of the stem, about half an inch
n diameter. Calyx-tube clothed with minute vesicular pointed scales.
2. E . coronatum: cauline leaves palmately 5-7-parted; divisions pinna-
t ifid-laciniate, with narrow spinose segments; leaflets of the involucre 9-12,
1 anceolate with 2-4 remote spiny teeth, twice as long as the globose heads;
scales lanceolate, entire, spiny at the tip, twice as long as the flowers; the
terminal ones leafy and crowning the head.
Texas, Drummond!—Stem apparently 3 feet or more in height, with
erect branches. Radical leaves not seen : cauline ones 2-4 inches in diameter
; the middle division considerably longer than the others. Heads
about half an inch in diameter, crowned with several foliaceous spinose-
dentate scales. Calyx-tube clothed with acute vesicular scales.
3. E. Leavenworthii: cauline leaves palmately 5-7-parted; the segments
incisely and spinosely serrate ; involucre about as long as the heads; the
leaflets incisely pinnatifid; heads oblong-ovate, pedunculate, crowned with
a leafy tuft; scales 3—7-cuspidate ; lobes of the calyx pinnatifidly 3—5-cus-
pidate.
Red River, Arkansas, Dr. Leavenworth! Texas,. Drummond!—Stem
stout and apparently 1—2 feet high. Radical leaves wanting in our specimens
: cauline ones about 2 inches long with spreading pungent segments.
Peduncles an inch long. Heads (exclusive of the crown) an inch and a half
long, and nearly an inch in diameter; the axis proliferous and bearing a
tuft of leaves at the summit resembling those of the involucre. Calyx-tube
clothed with obtuse scales.—The heads and upper part of the stem are usually
of a bright violet-purple color.
4. E. aromaticum (Baldw.): decumbent; leaves pinnately parted ; segments
cuspidate, entire, cartilaginous on the margin ; the 3 upper ones remote
and broader; leaflets of the involucre 3-cleft; heads globose, pedunculate;
scales tricuspidate.—Baldw.! in Ell. sJc. 1. p. 344; DC. prodr. 4,
p . 94.
Dry pine woods, East and Middle Florida, Baldwin! Dr. Leavenworth!
Mr. Alden! Aug.-Nov.—Stems 10-18 inches long, several from one root,
branching towards the summit. Leaves an inch long : segments usually in
3 pairs, spreading and somewhat recurved ; the 2 lowest pairs setaceous and
approximated to the stem. Heads nearly half an inch in diameter. Involucre
5-6-leaved. Calyx-tube covered with spherical vesicles.
5. E . petiolatum (Hook.): leaves lanceolate, attenuate into a long petiole,
remotely ciliate-spiny; the uppermost narrow and sessile; stem dichotomous
above or dwarfish and diffuse; involucral leaves and scales ciliate-
spiny, rigid, both much longer than the subsessile globose heads.—Hook. jl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 250.
Moist soils on the plains of the Wahlamet, Oregon, Douglas, Nuttall!—,
If ? Stem about 10 inches high, (or sometimes only 2-3 inches and branched
from the base). Leaves somewhat coriaceous, with the veins nearly parallel,
but anastamosing. Petioles 1-3 (6, Hooker) inches long. Heads (including
the projecting scales) nearly an inch in diameter. Scales 2-3 times as long
as the flowers. Calyx-tube clothed with imbricated acute scales.
6. E. aquaticum (Linn.) : leaves broadly linear, with straight and simple
parallel veins, remotely ciliate with soft spines; leaflets of the involucels
(7-9), mostly entire, shorter than the ovate-globose pedunculate heads; scales
entire.—Linn. spec. ed. 2. p. 336 (var. a.) • Jacq. ic. rar. t. 347 (ex D C .);
Pursh, jl. 1. p. 189 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 342; Bot. reg. t. 372; DC.! prodr. 4.
p. 95. E. yuccsefolium, Michx. ! Jl. 1. p. 1G4. E. Virginianum &c., Pluk.
aim. t. 175, f . 4.
Swamps, Virginia! to Florida! Illinois! Texas!— (g) ? Variable in size
and in the breadth of the leaves; sometimes scarcely a foot high, with leaves
2-3 lines wide ; and in favorable situations attaining the height of 4-6 feet,
and the leaves an inch or more in breadth. Heads three-fourths of an inch
long. Leaflets of the involucels rarely toothed. Calyx-tube with acute
scales.—Button Snake-root.—Root bitter, aromatic and pungent, resembling
in its medicinal properties the Seneca Snake-root, and highly esteemed as a
diaphoretic and expectorant in the Southern States. Ell.
7. E . Virginianum (Lam.) : leaves linear-lanceolate and linear, uncin-
ately (rarely spinulose-) serrate; leaves of the involucre 7-8, usually longer
than the heads, 3-cleft, or dentate-spiny ; scales tricuspidate.—Lam. diet. 4.
p. 759; Laroche, Eryng. p. 48, t. 19 ; Pursh, jl. 1. p. 189 ; Ell. sk. 1. p.
343 ; DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 95. E. aquaticum, Michx. ! jl. 1. p. 163, E.
Plukenetii, Ell. 1. c.p. 582. E. aquaticum, 0. Linn. spec. (ed. 1.) 1. p. 232.
Eryngium See., Pluk. aim. t. 396, ƒ. 3.
Swamps, New Jersey! to Florida! and west to Texas!— (g) Stem 1^-5
feet high, cymosely branched and often compound at the summit, fistulous.
Radical and lower cauline leaves usually 5-10 lines wide, but sometimes
very narrow, tapering at each end; the teeth often very remote and indistinct.
Heads numerous, three-fourths of an inch in diameter, pale blue or
nearly white. Scales sometimes entire, or with only a single lateral cusp.
Calyx-tube imbricated with acute lanceolate vesicles.—This and the preceding
species were confounded by Linnaeus, and were first distinguished by
Lamarck.
8. E. virgatum (Lam .): leaves oval, membranaceous; the cauline ones
on short petioles, toothed or acutely serrate ; involucre (6-8-leaved) longer
than the subglobose heads; scales tricuspidate.—Lam. diet. 4. p. 757;
Pursh, jl. 1. p. 189; DC.prodr. 4 .p. 94. E. ovalifblium, Michx.! jl. 1. p,
163 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 343.
Damp places in pine barrens, South Carolina! to Florida ! and west to
^Louisiana. July—Sept.— 2J Stem 1—3 feet long, erect or decumbent,
dichotomously branched at the summit. Leaves reticulately veined: radical
ones with 'petioles 1-2 inches long, entire or crenately toothed; cauline
ones often subcordate; the serratures with a narrow cartilaginous border,
Involucral leaves linear-lanceolate, either entire or with 2-4 spiny teeth,
Heads half an inch in diameter. Flowers white or pale blue. Scales of the
calyx-tube acute.
9. E. Baldmnii (Spreng.): stem prostrate, and often creeping, filiform,
branching ; leaves membranaceous ; radical and lower cauline ones ovate,
petiolate, entire or somewhat lobed, remotely and acutely toothed; upper
cauline ones 3-cleft or 3-parted, usually sessile ; the lateral segments narrower
(often linear) and entire, middle one 2-3-toothed or entire; heads
(very small) ovate, on axillary peduncles ; involucre much shorter than the
heads ; scales subulate, entire.—Spreng. ! syst. 1. p. 871 ; DC. prodr. 4. p.
92. E. gracile, Baldw. ! in Ell. sk. 1. p. 345 ; Nutt.! gen. 1. p. 175 ; not
of Laroche. E- integrifolium, Walt. Car. p. 112?
0. involucre longer than the heads.—E. prostratum, Nutt.! in DC. prodr,
4, p. 92.
Pine woods from St. Mary’s, Georgia, to St. Augustine, Florida, Baldwin !
Southern Florida, Dr. Burrows ! Mr. F. Cozzens ! 0. Moist soils, Milledge-
ville, Georgia, Dr. Boykin ! Middle Florida, Mr. Croom ! and Dr. Chapman!
Kentucky, Short! Arkansas, Nuttall!— (2) ? Stem 6-18 long, branching
from the base. Leaves 8-12 lines long; the lower cauline ones often