monly shorter than the (rather coriaceous) leaves ; the direction of the pubescence
variable.—Ehrh. beitr. 7. p. 24 ; Willd. ! spec. 2. y>.1091 ; Pursh, fl.
1. p. 357 ; Torr.! fl. 1. p. 500 ; Seringe! in DC. prodr. 2. p. 570 ; Hook.!
fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 184 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest.p. 304. F. Canadensis, Michx. !
fl. 1. p. 299 ; Richards.! appx. Frankl.joum. ed. 2. p. 20. F. glabra &c.,
Duham. arb. 1. p. 181, t. 5. F. vesca, var. Virginiana, Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.)
2 .p . 211.
Fields and meadows throughout the United States (in the South common
only in the woody and somewhat elevated districts) and Canada ! extending
to Newfoundland ! and to Arctic America, lat. 64°, Richardson! April-
May.—The deeply pitted fruit affords the only character for this species that
can be wholly relied upon. The pubescence is sometimes appressed or ascending
on both the petioles and the peduncles, but as often spreading on one
or both: and neither is the length of the peduncles, or the firm texture of the
leaves very constant. F. elatior was doubtless erroneously given by the
older authors as an American species. F. Virginiana and F. Canadensis
were both manifestly founded upon the species here described.— Wild
Strawberry.
2. F. vesca (Linn.): fruit conical or hemispherical, the achenia superficial
; calyx much spreading or reflexed in fruit; peduncles commonly longer
than the leaves; the direction of the pubescence variable.—Linn. ! spec.
(excl. var.) ; Engl. hot. t. 1524 ; DC. ! 1. c .; Hook. 1. c.
0. fruit elongated-conic, acute.
y. “ leaves and scapes usually more silky.” Nutt.! mss.
Northern States ! Subarctic America and the N. W. Coast! y. Oregon,
Douglas ! NuttaU! May.—This species is certainly native in the northern
portions of the United States; the variety with narrow and elongated fruit is
common in the northern portions of New York and the New England States.
The' species, though generally confounded with the preceding, is readily distinguished
by the carpels not being imbedded in the receptacle. It is also
more stoloniferous.
3. F. Chilmsis (Ehrh.) : flowers (large) spreading; leaflets coriaceous,
broadly ojjOvate, Very obtuse, coarsely serrate, rugose, very silky-villous beneath
; pfeduncles and calyx silky. Hook.—Ehrh. 1. c. ; Willd. ! 1. c. ; Seringe,
in DC. prodr. 2. p. 571; Cham, Sp Schlecht.! in Linncea, 2. p. 20 ;
Hook.! 1. c., in bot. Beechey, p. 140. F. sericea, Dougl. mss. ex Hook.
F. Chiloensis &c. Dill. Elih. t. 120. (cult.) F. vesca, var. Chiloensis,
Linn.
0. “ peduncles longer than the leaves, many times dichotomous ,with a pedicel
in the axils.” Hook. 1. c.
y. peduncles 1-few-flowered, often shorter than the leaves ; leaflets smaller
and less silky, more cuneiform.—F. Chilensis, a. (in part), Hook. ! 1. c. F.
Califomiea, Cham. Sf Schlecht. 1. c. F. cuneifolia, Nutt. ! mss.
Western Coast from Puget Sound ! to California!—Mr. Nuttall’s specimens
have smaller flowers and more acuminate sepals; but corresponding
ones from Dr. Scouler have very large and mostly solitary flowers. The
fruit, according to Mr. Nuttall, “ is smaller than in F. Virginiana, and although
palatable, the pulp is so covered with villous hairs as to render it as
uncomfortable to the palate as a woolly peach.”
Subtribe 6. D a l i bard eje.—Calyx flatfish, 5-parted, mostly imbricate in
aestivation. Stamens numerous. Carpels numerous, or rarely few, drupaceous,
juicy, crowded on the conical receptacle : ovules 2, collateral : styles
terminal or nearly so. Seed suspended. Radicle superior.—Herbaceous or
mostly somewhat shrubby often prickly plants.
23. DALIBARDA. Linn.; Richards, in Nestl. Pot. p. 16, t. 1 ; DC. prodr.
Calyx concave at the base, deeply 5—6-parted ; the segments imbricate in
aestivation : three of them larger and 3-5-toothed or serrate. Petals 5, sessile,
deciduous. Stamens numerous, inserted into the border of the disk : filaments
filiform, deciduous. Ovaries 5-10, 'with 2 collateral suspended ovules,
one of them abortive : styles filiform, deciduous : stigma nearly simple.
Achenia 5-10, dry or slightly drupaceous (the endocarp cartilaginous),
sessile in the bottom of the calyx. Seed suspended. Radicle superior : cotyledons
thick.—Small perennial herbs, with creeping stems, and roundish-
. cordate crenate leaves, on slender petioles. Scapes 1-2-flowered. Petals
white.
1. D. repens (Linn.): diffuse, creeping, pubescent; hairs of the petioles
reflexed ; stipules setaceous ; sepals spreading in flower, converging in fruit,
not bristly ; young ovaries villous-tomentose.—Linn. ! spec. 1. p. 491 ;
Pursh ! fl. 1. p. 350 ; Torr.! fl. 1. p. 491 ; D C .! prodr. 2.p. 5641 Hook.!
fl. Bor.-Am. 1 .p. 184. D. viokeoides, Michx.! fl. 1. p. 299, t. 27. Rubus
Dalibarda, Linn. A spec. ed. 2 ; Smith ! ic. ined. t. 20 ; Willd. ! spec. 2.
p. 1090,'
Moist shady places, Canada! and New England States ! New York ! and
Pennsylvania! June-Aug.—Petals ovate, obtuse, twice the length of the
calyx. Achenia white, nearly glabrous when old.- The specific name
of Michaux is very expressive of the habit of ’ the' plant.—D. caly-
cina of Nepaul is a congener of our species : D. geoides doubtless is not.
The genus differs essentially from Rubus (in which the ovaries are occasionally
few in number) only in the nearly dry achenia.
24. RUBUS. Tourn.; Linn. gen. p. 254 ; Lam. ill. t. 441.
Calyx concave or flatfish at the base, 5-parted, without bracteoles; the
segments mostly imbricate in aestivation. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens
numerous, inserted into the border of the disk. Ovaries numerous (very
rarely few), with 2 collateral suspended ovules in each cell, one of which is.
abortive: styles terminal or nearly so, filiform, deciduous ; stigma simple or
obtuse. Achenia pulpy and drupaceous, aggregated on a conical or cylindrical
spongy receptacle, either persistent or deciduous. Radicle superior.__
Perennial mostly suffruticose or shrubby plants, with erect or procumbent
mostly prickly and biennial stems. Leaves pinnately or pedately compound,
often simple. Flowers white or reddish (inflorescence centrifugal).
Fruit eatable.—Raspberry, Blackberry, 8fc.
§ iff Carpels forming a somewhat hemispherical fruit, concave beneath and
falling away from the dry receptacle when ripe, sometimes few in number
and falling away separately.—(Raspberry.)
* Leaves simple (flowers large).
1. R. odoratus (Linn.): hispid with glandular hairs, especially the peduncles
and calyx; stem shrubby, branched; leaves large, 3-lobed (the lower
57