22 GENÈRAEk APPEARANCE
bksaltës occasionally'project, and in several-instances the valleys .form the
beds of rivers ‘towards the tops of.the ivolcanos ; in. the rainy, seasjoq they; all ■
convey large volumes of water.'-'
■ Next in importance-to this extensive; .'series of; primary mountains,, there
are various, ridges of smaller, mountains,.; or-hills, extending in ; differ ent, directions,
• ‘with nearly an: equal; degree-, of > elevafion ;, sometimes originating
from or connected - with the primary -volcanos,-sometimes forming inçl^
pendent ranges, and arising separately -and at a distance from the great series.
These; which'have been termed secondary, mountains, though' evidently
of a vôlcanic nature; differ in many particulars of their constitution^ from
those-of the larger:series; They generally, extppdjn longjaaf|Ofrridges,(
with 'b ïit a moderate elevati'on, and their- ^des (iare less regularly corn:
posed of 'the vertical, ridges above mentioned; g fcIn most cases, a str'atipeü
structure and submarine| origin. may .be.; discovered. ^ ’Çhey are generally
covered' with laFge‘rocks^of‘ basaltes ; and in some-instances theyv.pon^st ,of
wàcken and hornblende; which'.is-found along- their .^ase in,, immenseÿle^.-
Hills of Calcareous constitution, with only a moderate, degree,,of mèvatiop,
occur in- smaller'ridgès, often with a flat or tabular top ; qr.injteep^ rp.cks
and eminences. ' These are sometimes found in the. c e n tr e ^ - the is.kpd,
! covering the volcanic districts, ' but much -more frequently near th e northern
and southern • shores. -■■■■--* c r "
Hills of a mixed nature, partly calcareous, and partly v^lcgniq, are,ajso;
fbundi -The1 southern coast of the island copsists_almost entirely,of,.therp,
rising-in many places to the perpendicular height, of eighty o r. ,o ne^hun^^d >
feet) and sometimes niuch higher.' These, as they branch inward and approach
clritral or higher districts, - gradually disappear, and, give,place to thé
volcariic shriesr :or alternate with huge-mass.es of basaltic horjiblepde,.. th ^
appears tbassumë-â regular stratification. At-the base of these, ■ or in^Jhe •
Ééds'of the rivers which proceed from them, are frequently found yarious
B'ilicioiis stones;1 a^'c&himon.flints,prase, hornstone,-jasper, porphyry, agate»
cornelian, &c. ; --- ^ " ••-- k,
Alluvial districts, evidently’of recent-brigin^ are noticed ipfseypral parts of
the island. :Thes'e are formed-from the sedimept and n$ar ^hejdi^,^arge_.of
large riveTS, and.'at the borders óffth^icalcareous: ridges, which are m many
instances partially -covered by'them : their boundary can .easily, pfi traped,
and most of them are1 still in a state of constant-progression. Among other
phenomena
phenomena-afe minerahwells'-ofi varipus temperature and impregnation; wells
rW naptha, pri^etroliilm j rand*, river-S r arising,. in .-a,few instances, . from the
craters bf'V0lcanos,.im^p;re^nate-d^with-.&u'lphure’ous. acid,*
•• ;From
* Mineral1 w fw of varioüs qtialitie’s, are'Min'd m!afmok'every part of theïslandt»f As atf instance
df'the Hotfivells,1 tfi£ folMyirig’account!of those'Mind 1ft Cheribonfls s'eie'cted-i)VI At-the
.“^village oÉBóngfls (situated about ten'miles,.to th^n.brthj-east^F^&gang-rjSaraèowg), I directed
X my route-to t\e ^rge.mpuntain,- in order to examine, parlwmh&hil.Is.along. Rg&jMjtt/called
« the hills of 'Pana-wangan, miM^yj^alkht ^vellsöwfoich', are, found near their borders. €>©
W approaching these hills,' after .a; f calcareoiis 'stone^-
^ ‘-^b'éuirén'ë hundred'-yards imcfircuififerènèel - This plaln'is^érfëctiy^hitè -j aridtonvajjntoaph-
JHpHfflfiSi^^BrcéiyeSyht someidistanpe' by}-a sulphureous, vapour, -arising^ from ^the whole
Afentefehbouritftod'. ',TBe water ' springs .Trom several apertures, but; their temperatures are
“ pot equalthe.hottest inmoates,the"degree of one hundred and thirty of Fahrqnheit’s-.spale.
ó T h e ^ ^ lcS n fa jn ^ re ^ fa rg i‘quantityoffealcaréous earth-pf* SÖlhtipn.Sfl-^Susp'eïisi-onpwhich,
- CQmmg'int'o ^contact with the air, inftntidillt'ely ^pUmeb^’and* adh'ërësHoythé^fxpüïfdmg.
‘f. objects, or l^ ^^p rta t^v o i'S ^g ro u fid . THe' bWip^^of- the'shriibs^in the vicinity-are all
“ enveloped by a stalactical incrustation. The water from the different wells gently descending
wtqfe óaloai eons falSin, recollfeeted w a nviilef below. A^rgéWtnb'exTof rglchrfeous' rock's
are tójmd.in.^m'Mgj^É®)?; the p lainssome arc covered with fefeg®o£c»ystals of calcareous
“ spar, others have a coralline appearance, and somé navèflipfradrarW'-of alabastér.^On'procêëd-
“ ing up the hills, immense irregular blocks of calcareous rocks p?Mopm‘^ewë(kabouEmi-the
About onalnindred yards above thig district are several1 wells-öf naptha’, or petroleum.
~.‘J I t rises in-small plashes of watër, vaBout twelve ob eighteen'i'dcfeafemdiam'ètef^bpbd which re
“ drives its black specks, emitting the peculiar odour of the petroleum. L The earth in the cir-
“ cumference of these plashes is strongly impregnated with" this oil: it is very tough,- and from
“ that immediately bounding apertures, the naptha flows out on its being pressed; some por-
“ tions exactly resemble asphaltum.] A considerable space of: ground is occupied by these
“ wells. The stones are all calcareous. A few hundred yards above this spot, the'borders Wttre.1
“ hüls become very steep. _I examined tljern £o some extent. Tme'y’are pompoSfed1 exclusively
“ :of calcareous stones. Several extensive stalactitic caves are found at no great distance
“ above the wells ; they exhibit the usual appearances of calcareous caves’ and vaults. The
“ process of incrustation is continually going on. In some places, deep perforations extend
“ into the heart of the hills.”—Essay on the Mineralogy o f Java,' by Dr. Horsjield. uBat.
ia|hth-ij|X4 \
Among otifir, objects of curiosity, ‘which' canoftïy .jjë lflikteiscl by'particular description,
are the explosions of mud, situated between the district of Gr'obogan on the west, and of Blora
and Jipang on the east. By the natives they are termed Blêdeg,! and are described by Dr.
Horsfield as salt wells.
■To I These salt wells,” he observes, “ are dispersed through a district of country several miles
“ in circumference, the base o£whiÓi,';MJ-that of other parts of the island which furnish mi-s
“ npal and other, ^salin^ waters, is limestone, ;^TOy'are-of;'co'nMd)e{-S.ble '.number, ; and force