for.thé consumption and exportation of the capital, Besides this main road
from one extreme to the other, there'lis ' also a high military road, equally
well constructed; which'.crosses the island from north-to: South,’ leading to
the fwo native capitals of Sûra-kérta and Yûg’ya-kérta, and cons.equentlÿifo
within a_- few miles of the South Sea. ; Cross inad's have also been formed
wherever thejconvehidnce or advantage of Europeans required theih, and’
there is no part of the island to which the access is left difficult.- Bùt-îks
not tb .be -.concluded, that these communications contribute that assistance
to agriculture or trade on Java,' which such ,roads would afford in'Europe :•
their construction has, on the contrary, in many instances, been .destructive
tpiwholë districts, and when completed by; his town labeur;-or^the-sacrifice
of the lives , of his neighbours,! ;the peasant .was debarred from their. uSe,
and not .permitted to drive/his«' cattle along ithem, .'while te saw the adyari--
tages they were capable of yielding reserved for his.-European masters,;:that-
they-might be enabled to-hold a more -secure possession ofi/Kisncouritry.
They were principally formed during the .-blockade-of‘the island, »and:were
intended to facilitate the conveyance of -stbïes^iorJthe ^passage of;tro’ôps
. néceésary for,its military defence.-The inhabitants, however,, felt ithejexùlu-,
sion the less, as good inferior roads were: often-made by:the>ideof:these'
military, roads,, and bye-roads branched off through all parts ofvfhe,country,
so_that the internal commerce met .with' ho ' impèdiment-ifof the 'want of
direct or'convenient lines of communication. -
M»kets orba- ±Nor is it disc’ouràged by the want of understood orjjstablished p l£ e |0 f
exchange. ' Bazars or public markets (heye:called -pékan) are'establiShedfin
every-part of the country, and usually held twice a week;:if>not oftener.
The market days are in general regulated by what are,.called,pâmr days,
being a week of five days, similar to that by which the-markets-in. South
America appear to be regulated. At these markets ai;e- assembled-fre-
quently some thousands of people, chiefly. women,, on. iwhonf.; the 1 duty
devolves of carrying the Various productions of the-.country to these places
of traffic. | In some districts, extensive sheds are erected for^the accommo-
dation of thepeople but, in general, a temporary covering,of thatch,v to
shelter them from the rays of the sun, is made for theqccasiom and thbqght
sufficient. Where the market is not held within a town of considerable
size; the assemblage usually takes placé under a large tree, in a-spot occupied
from immemorial usage for that purpose. .In these markets there are
regular quarters appropriated for the grain 'merchant,: the cloth merchant,
■ veirders
-Venders oj^on, brass, cand.j?p,pperr;ware, and dealei$in;.the. various small
manufactures; of mie^couhtry,/ as, well as. thqse.of India, iJ^bina, an4 Europe.
Prepared eatablesm^iyejyjrind, as^d^ as all the>,fruits andjvegetables.in
jjpaquestivpcqupy a']considerable^paicq in th.e;fair, and findra.“ rapiql sale.^ In
thefmore.j pxtepjpygi bazajs,-1ja^J^,^M^a{;he/yfer%handle.imakerst Jjave^jEhe/r
particular- quarter,, and in ap.,adjpiningtgqya^f-^ horse_s.,§nd oxen4 are exposed
iqrjsale. ' ;
j-,!]Smair duties^are, generally levied in;i;thege- bazars, the collection _ ,of which
was formerly fanned out.- tq_Cl}ines,e,;• tb|LM^l^rig^ u.]?4 ifoati they exacted
more thanks- kgtt^cl -or; autljQ&ed.^ate,^ andifog; foeyfcontriv e d ,^ )-means
.Jf^the influence wblch.fomjteffice conferred, J^creaitq^a^ mppopolyinji^eir
own/avour, .not-onlyjpfithe.aEjjc]esilo£.,t5a4S2fe^'0^ SLany-0^ foe necessaries
of -life, that, system haa\latteri.Vrrne^ | ^ f l^ is |!e ^ -'W ^ ^ ^ practicable.-,and
goyernmentihas. takenjthe m anageme^t, of that. portiQm'ofdhe public revenue
intLitSf oyn hands. Infoe bazars, - .^c^cifdingly^ re g p la ^ d ^ ^ e r^ e j$m e -
diatefoperintendgngedof .its; officers;., e^tensiye jshte’ds^ai^e j^mj^-and, a small
compensation^onlyfi|| squired, fo^tfe-^sa, of themjbyjthc^^who therejintend
tdiqxpose theirjgc^ids for s^eaf JThis duty (is,,cnllected^t\fo^
^ n 'm rarke^daj^e,.,and.is take-in lieiLoffolltother taxgs^or^ustoms^what-
evmCformerly l ^ ^ o n foe tran^bWkaJe of’ natiVe^eoffigaod^tipIj-^-It^ is, to -
be regretted, that,-thisVimprqi^mppt.had not .heeinij.extended.ito,foepative'I ,
.provinces", wherefovery article of produce, and uia^ufa^ufe is sfill impeded
tliLitsjnrog.rpss; thjough, th^jConntl^ to t ^ g l a c e ^ p f j^ ^ q ^ }fi^n eg g^ojrt,
by -foil* .duties mid. ofoej rmpolifejc exactions^a^^
wifogfegavy bazar, duties,-,the^.discpurag.ejoaep.t ofoi^|Iustry^ankd5enterp;jri^,'
and |l^d|p|gssior^qf agricpltpre^apd t r a d e , p o m p p n s a ^ e d
bv^ p roportionate ,benefit to^foe^reyenup.;*^ J
Almqstjalbjth'e inland c(^m^e,|,bpypnd whatps9thus ca^iedj oil, through Muene&ofthe
the medium of bazars^ t is, under th$d^r(ecfom j^ ^ j^ ^ s e ^ .w li^ p p p s ^ sm g '0hllieBe*
..considerable capital, and %quentJy,isp,ecidating on a^e^y extengive^scale,
[engross foe greateyparfof the wholesale .trade,fouy up foe. principal articles
H g j
«jjfc'Thft ha/ars.”- observes-Mr.^aaendorp. “ n^.nrodSce a.Iar^e, ,
“ ,amount,,yhich however is melted away inf^^-haiKls oOhe natj^M y iS s ^ d also some
author^es^ but theJ|Cnmfese, to wnornWhey arev mffifly^f^meaj o|m,*perive
I*?* fthe greatest profits from them, botK'by^the money*f wffifch' theyextort from the Javans, * and
tV bj-rthe"monopolies,in all kinds tafpro.^^eScandipa|tietiIarly/ ^which.by, these means
“ they are enabled tpseouie’to themselves. "]?he.abuses on this point, are!homMe, and almost
“ induce me to recommend that the markets‘should be made free and open.”