with, the larger series,' and-sometimes -independent -of .them, whSfch are also*
for .the tmost ‘ part ^olcaniq, - Numerous -ridges>of ..hiflsvtra.verse.the country
. to
Near thescehtre,: somewhat-inclimngfto’. the west side,vit-contains an irregulaf'-oval lake,
" or collept^pivof water, whose greatest diameter ip pearly one, hundred yards ?'it dilates-into'
“ several. branches. The 'water-is.white,- and,exhibits: truly,th (^appearance Of a lake of*milk,
Vj:boiHng;with a'perpOtuaf:discharge of laige;bnbbles,'*whi'ch riae with ■ greatest foree-fsowthh
“ eastern-side.--(TheTheat* is 112aso£ Fahrehheit’stscale : the 'apparehtyKqi^ng'iarises- from a
*' ^onstanfiHevelopment of fixed*air»' The:water has a^dlphurfeous ro'd’our 5. its tasteSs -astringent,'
*i:spmewhat;saline. Shakenunt'a-botilbhnexplpdes itllfi^d\air,with great.violehce. The’sides
“-,of the lake, -ttoSameifdStMice,'fa^lihed by 'a'.white 'aluminous earth, m'ost impalpably fine,* and
‘‘rvefy*h?ose,"bn:whicb-account it ;is,.very .dilfiejdtyttt^iag^i^li. the'water.
H 'examine ita^tempetajpure^. and lt'oVoliect;-fpr 'analysigyl sunk iritoi%eiearth!>4o;a*TcdHsiderable
“ . distance, -;and found * it necessary ; to 'dispose. larg efragmen ts1 of^basaltes befohe" I*was?4ble
“ .So-pass -overtit. .This earth consists'tof tthe elay.^(alumlnfi)<'ofithe lavas .difciolVfed'.Wy the
sulphureous - steams «on:- tb’e-b'otfomtof .theyyrater gji$Jis iof.fhel.purest^kin'd^and -divided to’
“ fp degree toinute^aldig^t beyond'Oonfception. ..targ e 'quantities havejb.een:$eyeraLitmies thrown
tfSoutsof the‘.ancient.;cratersiofShe^is-landr r One-eruption* ofjthis- subgtancejiqeqtoed Lin the
“ year !«7(>1 Jfrom the «mountain1 Gede: it was"considered .as ^anleruptioujof ashes.
* “ I was'witness to-a similar eruption,- • which; occurred fr^^^^-inoTOlhi^ o fS^^JjmThc
“ month of'Jutfe Hast-year. The eartl»very ‘nuich resembled ashes, raiid‘^§?'so'1impalpffiy
f f^fine: light, -that ■ the-cononop' breeve-of the^mo-n$bbh-y( ^ ^ rie^o^^if^i|Smtajn‘
“ sitdatediin-fhd longitude of SurabSya,** to Batavia and farther;, westward^ * jitp’ossessetlf.the
“ properties ■ of rhe’-ptirest ‘clayf’amf-Tieing mixed wiw^wa^r .imcajrtc^sfeid
“JJcan -easily be formed:1 mtojibssels,-7and; if procurablerin.la^gefq^fi'tifies;*
‘y&f^il'dyed'-in the -arts. AH its - jjroperties1 Indidated’raJfflS^ffiOTfxat 'rt;was!'
“ lavas,*- divided-in.-an--extrem,evdegree by tijeEjeajJjgj^'afeove^entioned. ’ 'The'fjul
<i vfeo&y^acqi^St^d with the prdgeAifes*of‘thls‘eaf%—It is'-^custc^^rio'hgsf to-
“ ‘collect’the ashes- tteowhmuffby similar -erupMdns^for't^ 'pprpSSe .of S® 9 s^ 4 g ^ fo f the
“ • fihdsttworks.
11 ctt. T%Wkrd8*th^eS§ii^n bxtreniuty of the’ Take
fires :-they consisfbf- several apertrtfes,' from whfch aif umntertff^d^ffis'cK'^le^o’f
“ ous1 vapours -takes plate.■"■'Two *of-t&efe'ei:areiar^erctlran the-'fe|^,l^l^*"iirei seto*il'fe'cj
f distant-frohrf^K-nther. -The 'apertuuesjare of an irregular -obl'dhg%rm, and cijverfli with
“ 5 cryitals&of impure sulphur, wlpch form from'the discharged.vapour's; and adhefg tojlhose
“ incrustations' ^-the'Sengnous* earth which have-formed themselves in a“gr;eatJ,v-^|bytof
“*comfigurations^^R^a^bfes,»®; }:fie|£fe',(i$ertUres. - The vapour>':rifffi o^^ith incredible
^force,--wutfr-fiblehttubtferraneous;noises;*'rese^mblihg ‘the Boiling of an' irilafiii'se''aiSlron
“ m'tbe^Bowelf, iff-’tKe? rirounfa^:irt6Efe'*-col<mr'-is-white,* Mle‘ t h e yapduis 'of
“ «boiling wateri-’j ^ e apertures“3ami6t^0-Iapproached,whbbutjhe'lgreatest'danger, as their
“ --true<-(^fenfc'cannot-be discovered: ^tlrey ar'e surrounded By.incrustations of sulphur adhering
u to ^delusjtehlaminae of -»the«'^luminous earth;* which-are extremely brittle^^The greatest
diameter- of-the'large opening is nestrly-twelve inches. •
“ To
in-vaftousfdiréctions, and"?tlie^suffae'e-^of 'thë«island in general, indèpendently
these, mure striking* ‘features; is in- moêt-fparts^undulating and uneven;
•exc^tnn„tlie sfe*4 coast. 'w
‘<^1^ > ki •• \ - : A' cCTSntry
^ f .T3*giv§aa8^Té’quate dëleription■ of ‘tlie’-intenc® óf this crater would’furnish matter for an
“»able pen S^Jlie to^ce of thé iiiipl^ssióh is increased^ perhaps, b’y the recollection ofthe danger
“*wnich has HeenroV'ercoilie ip'despeHdi'ng to th'eoottom. Every thing here contributes to fill
“ the mind with'thenuJStfaWfdl satisfaction. - If douDtrélswdrfe orfibelihost grand add terrific
it!^sceriés'>i^hiMrn8t'urè affords1; arm; in the present instadee, the'extent of’'the-crater,-as well
■«i^as the remains of tfie ^formerexplosions,’- afforded a viel^and^énjoyment which is not ^33“my
“^p'o’wbi?!fo^^pf^^! I,
rtih*on^M^tne?]^wS^góf 'SuJca-pura,1 -was formerly one of the largest VdlcanOSmf'the" island;
f,2)mt greatest-parPvof itJwas-s-'talj^^ed"'up'fm*the ,learth,Jjkffèr a short *bufr very severe
‘f. combu'stioiï, ~ iffe^bcount which hasfrei^ihenF'of this-'event asserts; that
“^mar TOfdiwOTt^fietween - the llth^fidTZth ofTA^u|t, there wasi-'observed about'the'moun-*
“ tain' E^nfflKSKffi^yTumnbus'clo'u'ctJ'by whichrifuppea?ed fö'b’è'compïetw-enveloped. The
^W^^Ji^®•*^^Sffi^|ö^^^P§^KTOg-,d8clivifi,és^of'‘tlie,' rrióïffiitam,- alarmed1 by^fhis
I”^ ^ pë|^m'e'ë^*6gtpgki ^tM&seivd^fo ''flight t b'm^Disfprc^ffle^com'^f^lvsave- themselves, the
k^wmtTinil^^nyo>iriYL?way,-*®}* tfife |gr'eatest part'ofit a'felruHTjrfell'in -and ’disappeared'in
l^™he;(eartfiif, .gAtitlm|^pffi*^pKM8emmjdpust,'^^|^^sdMard,^fe^émBlingy@e-dischai-ge of
^^h^Hhav-reSt^ cannon.- ■ Immense quantities *bf ySlfilSi^* sülisiSni!e§5,^hicli'i-ïreïe;: tHrcfVn^out
j W ^ '^'®PKad io Wery’ dSeotrorf^pfopagated-the■ effects-of'the explSsioii
■^fihrqugnf^^^n^iMOV mauv mili-s.-i-* -'
' ‘ ‘ -It'is.'.estim’ated^ that an f’ê ^ ^ tio f? ^ ïp u n d f’ bf- th e ' mohhiSmfiïself and its* immecfiaf&'-ehvi-
i ^ ^ ö n p ^ ’®een'tE^^-*C^!paiifl»fuIl'ltix‘broad,'-1 was' by^thil) ‘e^^TOficm,'-,swallowed*Tip'' in -the
eS^chtipft'om-t§'é rïei^hfrourhciod,
^m^^Vr^pdrtï'VtMj^ffie^' found it:impossible'tó^approach'the mountain;.ort" S^Wuhf'of'the
MH^Ke^he'Sub^tan&'es which*Go^efed-"its'cifcumferenOe; end which were piled’^p?each
lif?gh'^^G?^feet.VjytTio,uhhvthis * was the '^h^'^^tèmhëi^aiiuf'thus -fdfti
the caitè^faröphe.* It’is'ïalso’ mentioned}*thaf forty villages, partly swallowed
i“^ ^ ]^ tthè-~gïmptl- and parüy1cw'e^ëfl, by the substances thrown* óutj Were-destroyed on this
“ 'occasion,; and that 2,9S?;of the inhabitants perished. A proportionate dumber of cattle wais
,i»also?de|troyed7'and most of the*plantations'of^cdtton^iffcligb^arid coffee, in the*adjacenfik
“^dfst'fictsjt were'burild'hrihhyShpwolc^ic'matter. TEe effects-of this'explosion'are'stilf very 1
apparent' ohjthë remains of- this^vblcahoV blit* I'.dëfer an accó'önt • of-’ itj till I have had an
* *ö^Ör tuhify -ofiniaKing *a; mofe-'minute ■ examinati on , -
't^&^^pj^^BKfe-whole-hftfhe*eastern part-of this mountain is-donSpMely-naked,--and
'I*rëxp6(sès\tp.vie-wi^ ifBhfstrikihg*manner,-thn'ebursejof-the1.lavas of-thé*I'atter^erupt'ion's-:- the
■'top->is- a •regulafé.corie,'^aTLQ: 'covered*'with loose ^fragments - ofJlava.*- I<t^hall^r®!^a^very
“''ËofiBi^jabstract ‘of^’the’ observations oif'-tlip mountain,- ■Snd'hn1- the different1 Streams of Hava
11 -which ; hhvë^lktrely-flowed from - its ‘-crater.- • • I^cdfil'dKdfstinctly -trace, from -the- base* -of
'“ -the conidal 'tSp^to-the roots oftKe-inountain, five-different'eruptions.£. The-latest streanrof
'Ji -‘‘“lav#