Places lying under the fame latitudes, or where the days and
nights at the folftices are o f the fame length, are faid in general
to have the fame climates. W ith regard to the geographical climate
o f Uleaborg, it correfponds with that o f Kemi in Ruffis,
o f Gorodock and Kuoovatikai in Siberia, o f Cape Tfchukotikoi
Nos, towards the Frozen Sea, o f St. James’s in North America, o f
the foutbern cape o f Greenland, o f Skalholt in Iceland, and Dron-
theim in Norway.
By the phyfrcal climate is meant the difference o f cold and
heat, and the condition o f the weather in different places at the
fame feafons. The principal and moft general caufes o f the di-
veriity o f phylical climate, are the longer or ihorter continuance
o f the fun above the horizon, and the perpendicularity or obliquity
o f his rays; befides this, the ftate o f the atmofphere, which
furrounds the earth to the height o f ten Swedifh (or nearly feventy
Engliih) miles, and which accordingly, as it is more or lefs charged
with vapours, intercepts and difperfes more oriels o f the fun-
beams in their defcent to the earth. The climate is alfo modified
by the fituation o f places on hills or plains, near the lea or on continents.
T h e mild winters in England are owing to the warm-
nefs o f the lurrounding ocean, while Switzerland, lying fix degrees
farther to the fouth, experiences a much greater degree o f cold, on
account o f its topographical fituation.
The fouth and fouth fouth-weft winds blowing towards Uleaborg,
along the gulf o f Bothnia, are for the moft part warm after
midfummer till autumn; but before midfummer, as long as the
gulf
gu lf is frozen over, they are always cold. The extraordinary degree
o f cold that prevails at Uleaborg is in a great meafure owing
to the vaft forefts and deferts, which retain a great portion o f ice
even in lummer. In proportion to the progrels o f agriculture,
as water and wood are cleared away from the furface, which prevent
the fun from warming the earth, it may be expedted that
the climate o f this place will become more mild and gentle.
From ^ companion o f oblervations made at Stockholm and
Uleaborg, it appears that the heat o f the thermometer o f Cel-
fius, at a mean height a t Stockholm throughout the whole year,
is nearly 6° above 0,. whereas at Uleaborg it generally ftands at
l.° 2-10ths below the freezing point; o f courfe the climate o f
Uleaborg differs by 7° 2-10ths. ' During a fpace o f twenty years
the mercury at Stockholm fell, feven hundred and nine times to
i 5; degrees, and once as far as 40 degrees below the freezing point.
A t Uleaborg there are two months more o f winter than at
Stockholm, and one third lefs o f fpring. T h e autumn is o f nearly
the fame duration in both places. As to the comparative length
o f the autumn, this depends not only on the lingering courfe o f
the fun in the autumnal folfticc, but more on the louth and
louth-weft winds which prevail in the months o f Auguft, September,
October, and part o f November. Thofe winds which
come from the gu lf o f Bothnia are warmed by the water, which
preierves'a greater degree o f heat than the atmofphere. But on
the contrary, m the winter feaion, when the fea is frozen, the
winds which blow from the fame quarter, are cold and difagreeable,