crossing has had so strong an influence on the population, that it
can only be characterised as fair with gray eyes; and the stature,
especially on the coast farther north (More), is very considerable.
On the whole, the Norwegians principally bear the impress of
the fair long-skulled Aryan type, which must be supposed to have
taken a comparatively larger share in the composition of the people
than in other countries, perhaps three fourths.
The Lapps, who are generally called Finns in Norway, are a
brachycephalic race, which, however, is very clearly distinguished
anthropologically from the short-skulled type found among the true
Norwegians. The cranium is lower, more rounded, and with weak
muscular attachments. Cephalic index about 85, in life 88 (according
to M a n t e g a z z a and S o m m i e r ). The face is'very broad
across the cheek-bones, but tapers off to a weak chin. The nose
is flat, with a broad base, and the mouth is large. The skin, except
in children, is rather dark. The hair is generally chestnut
brown, but quite as often fair as dark. The growth of hair on
the face is weak, generally confined to the upper lip and a little
on the chin. The eyes are quite as often light as dark,
are deep-set, sometimes obliquely placed under heavy, often inflamed
eyelids.
Their stature is very small, perhaps not averaging more tha.«
5 feet in men of pure Lapp race. Mantegazza and Sommier found
among 58 men a height of 152 cm., among 22 women, 145 cm.
I t is true that the average height of 112 «Finns», who were examined
the year after the introduction of compulsory enlistment in the
three northern provinces, was 162.5 cm.; but many of these cannot
have been of pure Lapp blood; and the very way in which the
heights appear to be distributed indicates a Finnish type with a
height of 157 cm., and perhaps this number, too, increased by
crossing. Even if these recruiting measurements only gave 23 °/o
below the standard, it would be reasonable to suppose that the
typical mean height 'of the true Lapps is quite below the minimum
for Norwegian recruits, viz. 158 cm. The frame, moreover, is
slender, with round chest, and slight muscular development. They
are generally bow-legged, with short, broad feet and a waddling gait.
How far, too, the fairness is due to the long-continued crossing
with Scandinavians, it is difficult to determine; but the shorter-
skulled half of Mantegazza’s Lapps were, if anything, fairer than
the less short-skulled. In any case, however, the Lapps form a
ANTHROPOLOGY.
very distinct race, having their nearest relatives among the Mongolian
tribes. Their language is nearly allied to that of the Finlanders,
’more distantly to the other «Finno-TJgrian» or « Ural-Altaic»
languages.
There is now no longer any reason for upholding the old
doctrine that the Lapps originally peopled the whole of Scandinavia.
They probably came to Norway later than either of the two types
that are found among the Norwegians proper. They must have
;come from the east by a northern route, as a hunting and fishing
people with the culture of the stone age. A special type of stone
implements has been referred specially to them — «the arctic
stone age> « 9 and these implements must have been in use among
them mnch longer than among the Scandinavians. The reindeer,
upon which the true nomadic Lapps are so dependent for their
subsistence, they possibly first learnt the full use of from the
Scandinavians. A thousand years ago, however, they were found
as fishers at the head Of the fjords, or wandering as nomads among
the mountains in very much the same districts as now, hardly
south of Jemtland. I t is only recently that they have advanced
in any numbers worth mentioning, along the mountain ridge,
south of 64 flB
During the last few centuries, the Lapps in Finmarken have
multiplied more than the Norwegians, -from about 4000 in 1567
to 9000 in 1891. Since 1825, however, the number of Norwegians
has increased so enormously, that the Lapps do not now amount,
to more than 40 (Ip of the population of Finmarken. In the Tromso
and Nordland provinces, they are also relatively retrograding; but
the race cannot be said to be dying out, when, throughout the
country, it has increased from about 7000 in 1724 to 13,000 in
1845, and 21,000 in 1891. Barely ^ of these are now true
nomadip .Lapps; most af them live as fishermen in the two most
northerly provinces. In the two inland districts of Finmarken,
Karasjok and Kautokeino, 95 % of the population are Lapps.
Norway has received other immigrants from the east, belonging
to the Finno-Ugrian race. There is no trace in the population
of the present day, of an immigration of Permians from Northern
Russia to Malangen in the Tromso province, in the 13th century.
The immigration from Finland, about the year 1600, to the extensive
border-forests east of the Glommen, was of more significance.
It is true that most of these Finns settled in clearings on- the