were 277 pupils in the school, 97 of whom were in the twelvemonths
course. The other schools are, in the main, formed upon
the pattern of this one. The state moreover gives support to
domestic industry associations in the larger towns. Besides schools
for domestic industries and courses in the towns for adults and
children, these associations also give courses in the rural districts
in general domestic industry subjects (weaving, basket-making,
wood-carving, etc.). Further may be mentioned H. F r o l i c h and
Mrs. F r o l i c h ’s school of domestic industry, in Liadalen, near Kri-
stiania, which also receives support from government.
There is a government-supported Music and Organ School in
Kristiania. In 1898—99, it had 400 pupils and 26 teachers.
There are private Mercantile Sehools in several towns. In
Kristiania the municipality maintains a mercantile gymnasium, with
two one-year classes, which builds upon the middelskole foundation.
In 1898—99, this gymnasium had about 80 pupils and
16 teachers.
For other special schools see articles «Agriculture», «Forestry»,
«Fisheries»; «Army», «Navy», etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Norges officielle Statistik, and especially:
No. 319. Beretning om Skolevoesenets Tilstand i Kongeriget N o rg é -for
A a r et 1895. Kristiania 1899.
Universitets- og skoleannaler. Yearly.
Udkast til Lov om Universitetet med Motiver. Kristiania 1890. (Sth. Forh. 1891.
3 D. a, No. 14).
Indstilling f r a dm ved Kongelig Resolution o f 14de November 1885 til Revision
a f Lovgivningen om Folkeskoleme paa Landetrog i . B y erne nedsatte Kommission.
Kristiania 1887. (Sth. Forh. 1888. 3 D. b, No. 20).
Forslag til en forandret ordning a f den httiere almenskole a f den ved kgl. resolution
a f Bdie September 1890 nedsatte kommission. Kristiania 1894. ~(Stb.
Forh. 1896. 3 D. a, No. 8).
Odelsthings Proposition angaaende Udfterdigelse a f en Lov om Behandlingen
a f fo r sm te Burn; Med Bilage. Kristiania 1896. (Sth. ForBi31896..
3 D. a, No. 6).
THE ARMY
Th e Norwegian army, in its present form, dates back to the beginning
of the 17th century. The well-developed defence of
the middle ages, «ledingen», had altogether degenerated in the
time of troopers and lansquenets ; and it was a completely new
formation, when a special, national, Norwegian army was again
raised by Christian IV".
The warlike traditions of the army consist of a long series
of border engagements, in which it defended the frontier with
honour and success against the renowned Swedish troops. The
strength of the troops of the line generally amounted to between
2.5 and 3 per cent of the population f the organisation was' territorial,
based upon «lægder», 4, subsequently 2 farms having together
to provide one soldier. The towns had their city militia. On
the coast and the frontier, there were a great number of batteries
and fortresses.
The fundamental law of 1814 determined that obligatory service
should be universal and personal. After the union with
Sweden had been entered upon, however, a great reduction was
made in the army, and most of the fortifications were vacated.
The bill for liability to service was not passed until much later.
It is on the basis of the conscription act of 1885 that the army
has obtained its present complete organisation, in which, however,
most of the former line commands are retained.
The organisation in force may be characterised as a militia
system with standing regular cadres.
Every able-bodied Norwegian, except members of the clergy
and pilots, is liable to service, and may be employed in any posi