grants, and 15.7 % by interest on investments and in other ways.
In the same year, the total expenses of the higher , municipal
schools amounted to kr. 758,292, 53.4 °/o of this being covered by
the school fees, 14.0 % by government grants, 24.0 °/o by municipal
grants, and 8.6% by interest on investments and in other
ways.
In addition to the secondary schools, there are some municipal
and private boys’ and girls’, schools without the examination right,
in which instruction is given that goes beyond the aim of the
primary school. These schools have a freer arrangement than the
middelskoler, and have, in great part, for their object the higher
education of girls. In 1896, there were 65 of these, schools, with
306 classes. The number of, pupils was 3707, of whom 2751
were girls. Two hundred and twenty-four governesses and i07
masters had appointments in the schools.
IV. THE UNIVERSITY. SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES.
MUSEUMS, &c.
Norway, has only one University, the Royal Frederik University
in Kristiania. I t was founded in 1811, and began its operations
in 1813, with 11 professors, 3 lecturers and 18 students. In 1856,
it had 22 professors, 11 lecturers and 650 students, and in 1900,
it has 63 professors, 8 «docents», 10 fellows, and between 13 and
14 hundred students.
The teachers of the University are divided among 5 faculties,
theology, with at the presept time 5 professors; law, with 7 professors
and 1 «docent»; medicine, with 14 professors and 1 «docent»;
history, philology and philosophy with 21 professors and 4 «docents» ;
mathematics and natural sciences, with 16 professors and 2 «docents
». Each faculty elects a president for 2 years,- the dean
(dekanus). The 5 deans form the academic council (det akademiske
kollegium) which constitutes the University’s board of management,
and is immediately under the Ecclesiastical and Educational Department.
The professors are appointed by the king. Their salary is
4500 kr. per annum, with 3 additions of 500 kr. after 5, 10 and
15 years’ service. The 20 oldest professors moreover have an addition
of 600 kr. The «docents» are also appointed by the king. Their
salary is from 2500 to 3500 kr. The fellows, who have only a
limited amount of lecturing to do, are appointed for 1 year at a
time by the council, and are paid from 1200 to 1400 kr. Foreigners
can also be appointed to professorships at the University.
As already mentioned, the leaving examination at a gymnasium,
examen artium, entitles the successful candidate to enter his
name as a student at the University. The instruction there is
free. Fees are only paid for permission to enter for the various
examinations (from 20 to 40 kr.). Before the students can go up
for any of the University degree examinations, they must have
passed a preparatory examination, called «examen philosophicum».
In this examination, philosophy is a compulsory subject ; the 5
others may be chosen by the, candidate (science, languages, history,
mathematics, etc.). The time of preparation for the examen philosophicum
is 2 or 3 terms.
The average time required to work up for the various examinations
is : 9 terms for theology, 8 for law, 14 for mqdicine, 10
for philology, and 10 for «real» students*).
In 1899, the number of students in the various branches of
study was as follows: theology 70, law 270, medicine 330, philology
45, «real»' students 40, mining students 3, students for the examen
philosophiçwm about 600, total about 1360.
Since. 1882,' 260 female students have matriculated at the
University, 53 .of them having passed ¡the Latin artium, and 207
the Real artium. Twenty-four women have gone up for examinations
at the University, 16 of them having taken medicine.
The expenses of the University for the finance-year 1900—
1901 were put- down at, kr. 713,025. Of this amount, 600,000
were defrayed , by government moneys, the remainder by the funds,
etc. of the University.
There are various collections, laboratories and scientific institutions
connected with the University,. among them being the
University Library (about 350,000 volumes), which is also the
National Library, and whose reading-room is open to any one for
7 hours daily; the Botanical Gardens, the Historical Museum, the
Astronomical and Magnetic Observatory, the Meteorological Institute,
and the Biological Marine Station at Drobak.
■*) i.e. students of natural science subjects and matbematics.